OU Degree 5th Sem English Unit 3 Vocabulary, Grammar
Vocabulary: Technical Vocabulary (Film, Literature)
Question 1.
Define the terms.
i. Technical Vocabulary
ii. Film vocabulary
i. Technical Vocabulary : Technical vocabulary is a set of words and phrases used in a specific domain. Every discipline has its own specialised vocabulary and in this unit, we will learn the vocabulary that is helpful to write about films and books.
ii. Film vocabulary
- Film genres (categories or kinds of films): action, adventure, animation film, avant-garde (or experimental) film, biopic (biographies), comedy, detective, docudrama (documentary drama), drama, historical, horror, musical, mythological, rom-com (romantic comedy), sd-fl (science fiction), sitcom (situational comedy), suspense, thriller, western.
- Themes: coming of age, conflict, fate, friendship, justice, love, prodigal son, revenge, romance, sacrifice, transformation, vengeance.
- Characters: antagonist, anti-hero, archetype, cardboard character, confidant, foil, narrator, protagonist, two-dimensional character, stereotype.
Exercise I
Match the explanation in column I with the word in column II.
Question 2.
Define literacy vocabulary.
Answer:
Some of the common words are story, plot, theme, subject, narration, point of view, setting, characters, narrative technique, action, climax, resolution and so on. Writing genres can be broadly divided into two categories: works of imagination written in verse or prose) and works of information (or instruction; generally written in prose); in other words, fiction and nonfiction, which can be subdivided into the following:
Fiction: Adventure, bildungsroman, comedy, crime, detective, epic, fable, fairytale, fantasy, gothic, graphic, historical, horror, mystery, parody, realistic, satire, science, suspense, tragedy, western and so on.
Nonfiction :
Autobiography, biography, criticism, diaries, essay, journal, letters, memoirs, report, self-help,testimonio, travelogue, treatise, and so on.
Exercise II
Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the box.
| empirical | setting | hagiography | hypothesis | irony |
| omniscient | parody | opinion piece | pastiche | epic |
| personification | persuasive | point of view | polemical | verisimilitude |
Question 1.
A biography that treats its subject with undue reverence:
Answer:
hagiography
Question 2.
A mode of writing that uses vigorous and combative language to defend or oppose someone or something:
Answer:
polemical
Question 3.
Writing based on of verifiable by observation and experience:
Answer:
empirical
Question 4.
An idea or theory that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion:
Answer:
hypothesis
Question 5.
A work that imitates, makes fun of, or comments on an original work:
Answer:
parody
Question 6.
A narrator who knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters in the story:
Answer:
omniscient
Question 7.
A writing style that attempts to convince the reader adopt a particular opinion:
Answer:
persuasive
Question 8.
An article in a newspaper or magazine that mainly reflects the author’s opinion about a particular issue:
Answer:
opinion piece
Question 9.
The quality of appearing to be true or real:
Answer:
verisimilitude
Question 10.
A piece of writing which contains a mixture of different styles:
Answer:
pastiche
Question 11.
The time and place of the action:
Answer:
setting
Question 12.
The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning:
Answer:
irony
Question 13.
Type of figurative language in which a nonhuman subject is given human
characteristics:
Answer :
personification
Question 14.
A book that is long and contains a lot of action, usually dealing with a historical subject:
Answer:
epic
Question 15.
The perspective from which a story is told:
Answer:
point of view
Exercise III
Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the box.
| linguistics | author | Why | What | estimates |
| fascinating | tongue | Will | three | living |
This is a commendably short book of only 142 pages, but it is a …………………….. work which addresses …………………….. questions: …………………….. makes a global language? is English the leading candidate? ‘ it continue to hold that position? The …………………….. is a former professor of …………………….. at the University of Reading (England). He tells us that there are today around 6,000 …………………….. languages, but some suggest …………………….. that perhaps 80% will die out in the next century. In terms of mother …………………….. use, Spanish is spoken in more countries and is growing in use more rapidly than any other language.
Answer:
This is a commendably short book of only 142 pages, but it is a fascinating work which addresses three questions: What makes a global language? Why is English the leading candidate? Will it continue to hold that position? The author is a former professor of linguistics at the University of Reading (England). He tells us that there are today around 6,000 living languages, but some estimates suggest that perhaps 80% will die out in the next century. In terms of mother tongue use, Spanish is spoken in more countries and is growing in use more rapidly than any other language.
Grammer : Conditionals
On the basis of the degree of possibility, conditionals are divided into different types:
1. Zero conditional is used to talk about general truths and things that are always true. In zero conditional sentences, if can be replaced with when without changing the meaning. (“The lawn gets wet if/when it rains”). Simple present tense Is used in both clauses (gets-rains).
2. First conditional is used to talk about real and possible situations. It refers to a situation that is real and a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences, the if clause is in the simple present (If the meeting is confirmed), and the main clause is in the simple future (you will be informed).
3. Second conditional is used to refer to a situation that is unreal or impossible. The sentences are not based on fact, and they refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In these sentences, the ill clause uses the simple past (If I were the Prime Minister of India) and the main clause uses would + infinitive (I would make you my secretary). It is not important which clause comes first.
4. Third conditional sentences refer to the past and describe things that didn’t happen. Thus, they are used to refer to an imaginary past condition and its probable past result. In third conditional sentences, the f clause uses the past perfect (if you had tried), and the main clause uses the perfect conditional (You could have done it).
5. In Mixed conditional sentences, the time in the ‘if’ clause is not the same as the time in the main clause. They refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In these sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect (If you hod worked), and the main clause uses woukt’could might + infinitive (you would have).
Exercise I.
Make zero and first conditional sentences.
Ex: 1. (you / heat Ice / it/melt)
Answer:
If you heat ice, it melts. (Zero conditional)
2. If he ________ (come). I (be) surprised.
Answer:
If he comes, I will be surprised. (First conditional)
1. (People / eat I too many sweets / they / become fat).
Answer:
If people eat too many sweets, they become fat.
2. (you / smoke / you / get cancer).
Answer:
If you smoke, you get cancer.
3. (children / play outdoors / they / have healthy bodies).
Answer:
If children play outdoors, they have healthy bodies.
4. (water/freeze / it / (be) very cold).
Answer:
Water freezes, if it is cold.
5. (everyone / feel / happy / the weather / (be) good).
Answer:
Everyone feels happy, if the weather is good.
6. I early if you
Answer:
I will come early if you want.
7. If they invited, they the meeting.
Answer:
If they are invited, they will attend the meeting.
8. She ………….. in the city, if she ………….. a job.
Answer:
She will stay in the city, if she finds a job.
9. If he ………….. this exam, he ………….. a promotion.
Answer:
If he passes this exam, he will get a promotion.
10. I ………….. a new dress, if I ………….. extra money.
Answer:
I will buy a new dress, if I have extra money.
Exercise II
Make second, third, and mixed conditional sentences.
Ex: If she ………………. (study) Mandarin, she ……………… (go) to China. (Third conditional)
Ans: If she had studied Mandarin, she would have gone to China.
1. If it _______ (win) an international award, the book _______ (sell) in thousands.(Second conditional)
If it won an international award, the book would sell in thousands.
2. We _______ (arrive) on time if you _______ (give) the right directions. (Third conditional).
We would have arrived on time, if you had given the right directions.
3. I _______ (ban) the school bag if I _______ (be) the education minister_______ (Second conditional).
I would ban the school bag, if I were the education minister.
4. If she _______ (prepare) well, she _______ (answer) all the questions. (Third conditional).
If she had prepared well, she would have answered all the questions.
5. If he _______ (invest) wisely, he _______ (live) happily. (Mixed conditional).
If he had invested wisely, he would be living happily.
6. If he _______ (driven) so rashly, the accident _______ (happen). (Third conditional).
If he hadn’t driven so rashly, the accident wouldn’t have happened.
7. “If wishes _______ (be) horses, beggars _______ (will) ride.” (Second conditional)
“If wishes horses, beggars would ride.”
8. If he _______ (to go) to college tomorrow, he _______ (so sad) today. (Mixed conditional)
If he didn’t have to go to college tomorrow, he wouldn’t be so sad today.
9. You _______ (find) the book if you _______ (look) carefully. (Third conditional)
You would have found the book, if you had looked carefully.
10. I _______ (happy) to help you if I _______ (not) in the middle of another meeting. (Mixed conditional)
I would have been happy to help you, if i was not in the middle of another meeting.
Exercise III.
Match the clauses to make conditional sentences.
| I | Answer | II | ||
| 1. | If you had informed in advance | j | a. | if you had prepared well. |
| 2. | If I find your key | h | b. | we would have won the match. |
| 3. | The door opens | f | c. | if I were you. |
| 4. | We will be late | i | d. | We’ll have enough time. |
| 5. | You would have had no problem in the interview | a | e. | you wouldn’t feel so awful. |
| 6. | I would inform the police | c | f. | if you turn the knob. |
| 7. | If we meet at 9 am | d | g. | the audience would understand you. |
| 8. | If he had hit a boundary | b | h. | I will call you. |
| 9. | If you spoke louder | g | i. | If we don’t hurry. |
| 10. | If you hadn’t eaten too much oily stuff | e | j. | I would have kept the lunch ready. |