OU Degree 5th Sem English Unit 2 Vocabulary, Grammar
Vocabulary: Analogy and Odd Word Our
Verbal Analogy
Verbal Analogy or Word Analogy is an interesting way to enrich our vocabulary. ‘Verbal’ means related to words and ‘analogy’ means similarity, resemblance or comparison. ‘ Verbal analogy involves identifying relationships or similarities between pairs of words. Verbal analogy can build one’s vocabulary as well as enhance the ability to analyse the relationships between words. Verbal analogies are useful tools to achieve a higher-level ‘ thinking about words and language. Verbal Analogy can help
- In understanding the relationships between ideas.
- In improving the ability to think methodologically.
- In thinking critically and logically.
- In recognising the multiple meanings of the words.
- In interpreting the word meaning from the context.
Many verbal aptitude tests in competitive, entrance or professional examinations use verbal analogy to assess the applicant’s logic and reasoning skills and word knowledge. Look at the following pairs of words and try to understand the relationship between them.
- Love-Hate
- Create-Destroy
- Regret-Past
- Spider-Insect
- Crocodile-Reptile
- Whisper-Speak
- Bat-Ball
- Bow-Arrow
Let us learn some primary types of relationships which can help us identify the verbal analogy:
Analogy types | Examples |
Synonyms | big-huge, show-reveal, cease-stop, sad-unhappy, weak-frail |
Antonyms | stop-go, big-tiny, narrow-wide, clumsy-elegant, dumb-intelligent |
Function | fork-eat, knife-cut, pen-write, shovel-dig, spectacles-see, legs- walk |
Degree | cold-freezing, difficult-impossible, rare-unique, clean- immaculate |
Lack | ugly-beautiful, serious-humour, hope-pessimism |
Characteristic | courage-hero, grass-green, sponge-porous, ball-round, elephant-big |
Part to Whole | leaf-tree, month-year, student-classroom, letter-alphabet, wheel-car |
Type/Kind | orange-fruit, anger-emotion, lotus-flower, jazz-music, sonnet- poem |
Cause and Effect | spin-dizzy, fire-burn, trip-fall, cavity-toothache, earthquake- tsunami |
Exercise I.
Fill in the blanks.
Question 1.
Rose : Flower : : Hammer: ………….
a. Tool
b. Instrument
c. Car
d. Song
Answer:
a. Tool
Question 2.
Pencil: Write : : Knife: ………….
a. Erase
b. Cut
c. Clean
d. Cook
Answer:
b. Cut
Question 3.
Banana : Yellow : : Carrot: ………….
a. Blue
b. Red
c. Orange
d. Pink
Answer:
c. Orange
Question 4.
Hungry : Eat : : Tired: ………….
a. Play
b. Run
c. Limp
d. Rest
Answer:
d. Rest
Question 5.
Up : Down : : Left: ………….
a. Right
b. Centre
c. Arrived
d. After
Answer:
a. Right
Exercise II.
Choose the sentences that make sense as per the analogy type.
Question 1.
Function
a. A car is used to walk.
b. A house is used to move.
c. A cup is used to drink
Answer:
c. A cup is used to drink
Question 2.
Type/Kind
a. Salmon is a kind offish.
b. Rice is a type of dessert
c. Parrot is a type of inseri.
Answer:
a. Salmon is a kind offish.
Question 3.
Characteristic
a. A characteristic of ram is to sing.
b. A characteristic of a book is to be Interesting.
c. A characteristic of ice cream is to be cold.
Answer:
c. A characteristic of ice cream is to be cold.
Question 4.
Part to Whole
a. A sister is part of home.
b. A word is part of a sentence.
c. A window is part of cupboard.
Answer:
b. A word is part of a sentence.
Question 5.
Degree
a. Something that is scrumptious is very tasty.
b. Something that is tiny is heavy.
c. Something that is huge is terrible.
Answer:
a. Something that is scrumptious is very tasty.
Exercise III.
Read the following verbal analogies and choose the correct alternative.
Question 1.
Big : Huge: :Tiny: …………….
a. Good
b. Happy
c. Small
d. New
Answer:
c. Small
Question 2.
Amnesia : Memory: : Paralysis: …………….
a. Movement
b. Limbs
c. Handicapped
d. Legs
Answer:
a. Movement
Question 3.
Homeless : Home: : Unemployed: …………….
a. Salary
b. Job
c. Money
d. Sad
Answer:
b. Job
Question 4.
Milk : White: : Honey: …………….
a. Good
b. Costly
c. Sticky
d. Healthy
Answer:
c. Sticky
Question 5.
Selfish: Compassion: : Childish: …………….
a. Playfulness
b. Imagination
c. Intelligence
d. Maturity
Answer:
d. Maturity
Question 6.
Contract: Agreement: : …………….
a. Limerick: Poem
b. Human: Monster
c. Scarf: Jeweflery
d. Dog: Feline
Answer:
a. Limerick: Poem
Question 7.
Conclusion: Essay: : …………….
a. Theme: Song
b. Meal: Dessert
c. Scene: Play
d. Music: Party
Answer:
c. Scene: Play
Question 8.
Nearby: Distant: : …………….
a. permanent: Eternal
b. Criminal: illegal
c. Timid: Brave
d. Speech: Language
Answer:
c. Timid: Brave
Question 9.
Enigma : Mysterious: : …………….
a. Professor: Glib
b. Bigot: Prejudiced
c. Beetle: Venomous
d. Politician: Obtuse
Answer:
b. Bigot: Prejudiced
Question 10.
Blatant : Obvious: : …………….
a. Preeminent: Important
b. Legendary: Incredible
c. Novel: Obsolete
d. Powerful: Dominant
Answer:
d. Powerful: Dominant
Odd Word Out
Read the group of words given below and circle the odd word out
You must have circled the odd words, clock (does not refer to the weather), bicycle(does not use fuel), bird (does not rhyme), hammer (is not pointed) and peel (can be done just by hand). In odd word out exercises, we are given a list of four or five words and asked to identify the word that does not fit with the rest of the group. There may be different types of lists. The list could contain words that have.
- similar meanings,
- similar functions,
- similar qualities,
- same part of speech,
- same rhyme, etc.
Strategies for Solving
The best way to find out the answer is to first determine which words share similarities. If all the words have similarities, then we should approach the problem in a different way. if we think carefully, and logically, we will notice that while the other words have similarities, one word stands out from the rest. Some of the questions that we can ask are:
Do these words:
- share a similar definition?
- belong to a similar vocabulary group (E.g., fruits, vehicles, plants; etc….)?
- rhyme?
- all begin with the a same letter?
- represent a specific part of speech?
- have a similar function?
- have a common characteristic?
Asking these questions can help us determine the relationship among the words and identify the word that does not fit into the group.
Exercise IV.
Choose the odd word.
Answer:
1. Nylon
2. Brush/ink
3. Cauliflower
4. Cashew
5. Linger
6. Robust
7. Elated
8. Derision
9. Still
10. Fake
11. Cianfy
12. Talk
13. Refund
14. Cease
15. Flute
Grammer Verbs
I. Regular and irregular Verbs
Read the following sentences and observe the different forms of the verb.
1. a. I always smile at her. (present)
b. I always smiled at her. (past)
c. I have always smiled at her. (past participle)
2. a. She always hurts me. (present)
b. She hurt me when I was young. (past)
c. She has hurt everyone in her family. (past participle)
3. a. They came here very often.(present)
b. They came here last month. (past)
c. They have just come. (past participle
4. a. We speak to her every week. (present)
b. We spoke to her last week. (past)
c. We have already spoken to her. (past participle
Regular Verbs
The past and past participle of the regular verbs in English are formed using the ending—ed.
For example,
Here are some spelling rules to remember with regard to the past and past participle forms of regular verbs:
1. Most verbs: add – ed
E.g., wish – wished; fill – filled
2. Verbs ending in -e: add -d.
E.g., date – dated; close – closed
3. Verbs ending in a consonant followed by – y: change the – yto – led.
E.g., carry – carried; study – studied
4. Verbs ending in a single vowel followed by a single consonant: double the consonant and add – ed.
E.g., chat – chatted; tap – tapped
Exercise I.
Write the past form of these regular verbs.
1. talk ______
2. stop ______
3. marry ______
4. rate ______
5. by ______
6. worry ______
7. knot ________
8. call _________
9. arrive _________
10. finish _________
Answer:
1. taled
2. stopped
3. married
4. rated
5. tried
6. worried
7. knotted
8. called
9. arrived
10. finished
Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs have different ending in their past and past participle forms. Many common and frequently used verbs in English have irregular forms. Irregular verbs form their past and past partide forms in different ways. Broadly, there are four types of irregular verbs:
1. Verbs in which all the three forms – present, past and past participle, are the same.
2. Verbsin which two of the three forms, past and past participle, are the same.
3. Verbs in which all the three, precinct, past and past participle, are different.
4. Verbs in which two of the three, the present and the past participle, are the same.
Some verbs can be both regular and Irregular
Exercise II.
Write the past and past participle forms of the Irregular verbs given below.
1. drink ____ _____
2. begin ____ _____
3. swim ____ _____
4. fly ____ _____
5. fall ____ _____
6. sleep ____ _____
7. teach ____ _____
8. slept ____ _____
9. do ____ _____
10. be ____ _____
Answer:
1. drank-drunk
2. Began-begun
3. Swam-swum
4. Flew-flown
5. Fell-fallen
6. Slept-slept
7. Taught-taught
8. slept-slept
9. did-done
10. Been-being (an umbrella word)
Exercise III.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets.
1. I ___________ (rang/rung) the bell many times, but no one opened the door.
2. Have you ___________ (bring/brought) your guitar with you?
3. The cat has ___________ (drank/drunk) all the milk
4. He did not ___________ (lock/locked) the door last night.
5. Have you ___________ (did/done) your duty?
6. They ___________ (dig/dug) well in the backyard.
7. He ___________ (drove/driven) all the way from Hyderabad
8. She ___________ (went/gone)to a convent school
9. They ___________ (grew/grown) up during the 90s.
10. The man ___________ (become/became) very angry.
Answers:
1. rang
2. brought
3. drunk
4. lock
5. done
6. dug
7. drove
8. went
9. grew
10. became
Exercise IV.
Fill in the blanks with the past or the past participle form of the verb given in brackets.
1. The children —————– (eat) a lot of chocolates in the party.
2. I have —————– (write) a letter of application to the manager.
3. They —————– (have) lunch at a restaurant.
4. Tina has —————– (send) the latest news?
5. Have you —————– (hear) an email to all vendors.
6. She ————— (talk) to the friends.
7. We ————— (go) to see a film last evening.
8. She has not ————— (think) about it yet
9. He ————— (buy) a motorcycle with his first salary.
10. The parents ————— (leave) the child with her grandparents.
Answers:
1. ate
2. written
3. had
4. sent
5. heard
6. talked
7. went
8. thought
9. bought
10. left
ii. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Look at the sentences given below and indentify the ones that make complete sense and those which appear to be incomplete:
1. I bought a bag.(complete)
2. She brought.(Incomplete)
3. The girl laughed.(complete)
4. The teacher took.(incomplete)
5. He opened the door.(complete)
6. The baby cried.(complete)
Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb always has an object. (A noun that receives the action of the verb called the object). The subject transfers the action to the object. Therefore, it can be said that a verb that normally requires an object to complete its meaning is known as a transitive verb.
- I – took – my bike to the shop.
- we- played- football last Sunday.
- In the above examples, the verbs ‘took’ and ‘played’ are followed by the objects
‘bike’ and ‘football respectively. Some verbs can have two objects: - My sister – gave – me – a laptop.
- She – showed – us – the new house.
It is also to be remembered that only transitive verbs can be used in the passive examples,
- My mother bought the books.
- She explained the problem to her house owner.
- I received a phone call.
- The students sent a text massage to the school leader.
- The girl saw a bird in the bush.
Exercise V
Tick the sentences that are correct and put a cross (×) after the ones in which the objects are missing.
1. hike. (×)
2. She is lying. (✓)
3. Idon’trun.(✓)
4. We enjoyed on the holiday. (✓)
5. She has fallen (✓)
6. Did you buy today? (×)
7. We are trying to do. (×)
8. Where did she go? (×)
9. He was wearing. (×)
10. She is talking. (×)
Intransitive Verbs
An intransitive verb does not require any object to receive its action. Therefore, an intransitive verb does not need an object in a sentence to complete its meaning. However, there may be other information after the verb but not an object. For examples,
- The old woman collapsed.
- An accident happened.
- Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago.
- The girl worked for five hours.
- The president arrived in city.
Exercise VI
Look at the verbs in the following sentences and circle whether they are transitive or intransitive. (The answer is in Bold)
Exercise VII
Underline the verb and state whether they are transitive or Intransitive.
1. It rained hard yesterday.
2. A noise awakened me.
3. Many soldiers die during a war.
4. In a fairy tale, a princess kissed a frog.
5. Did the Koreans invent gunpowder?
Answers:
1. It rained hard yesterday. Intransitive
2. A noise awakened me. Transitive
3. Many soldiers die during a war. Intransitive
4. In a fairy tale, a princess kissed a frog. Transitive
5. Did the Koreans invent gunpowder? Transitive
Transitive and Intransitive
Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive because they have more than one meaning. The verbs can be transitive in one meaning and intransitive in another meaning. For instance, run when used to refer to the physical movement is intransitive whereas when run refers to guiding or managing, It is transitive.
- I ran every day when I was 15 years old.(Intransitive)
- She runs every day to stay fit. (Transitive)
- My cousin runs his own restaurant. (Transitive)
- All the friends ran the business successfully. (Transitive)
E.g.:
1. They continued the meeting. (Transitive)
2. The meeting continued till 9 p.m. (Intransitive)
3. The girls are playing outside. (Intransitive)
4. The boys played the sitar very well. (Transitive)
Exercise-VI.
Identify whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive or intransitive.
1. I have grown tomatoes in my garden.
2. She has grown taller.
3. I returned the books to the library.
4. The children returned to the school after the summer break.
5. The dancer moved gracefully.
6. The boy moved the heavy table easily.
7. My aunt drives very well.
8. She drives the car well.
9. She sings melodiously.
10. She sang the national anthem.
Answers:
(The underlined words are Objects of the Verbs)
1. I have grown tomatoes in my garden. — Transitive
2. She has grown taller. — Intransitive
3. I returned the books to the library. — Transitive
4. The children returned to the school after the summer break. — Intransitive
5. The dancer moved gracefully. — Intransitive
6. The boy moved the heavy table easily. — Transitive
7. My aunt drives very well. — Intransitive
8. She drives the car well. — Transitive
9. She sings melodiously. — Intransitive
10. She sang the national anthem. — Transitive
Exercise IX
Choose the correct alternative. If necessary, use a dictionary to check if the verbs are transitive or intransitive.
1. The teacher cautioned us / cautioned to us that we had a test the next day.
2. Please remember to telephone to them / telephone them after you reach.
3. This morning I sent to you/sent you an email.
4. You should never glue to anyone/glue anyone personal information over the internet.
5. Last week. I lent you/lent to you 200 rupees.
Answer:
1. The teacher cautioned us that we had a test the next day. Transitive
2. Please remember to telephone them after you reach. Transitive
3. This morning I sent you an email. Transitive
4. You should never glue anyone personal information over Transitive the internet.
5. Last week, I lent you 200 rupees. Transitive