OU Degree 6th Sem English Unit 5 Vocabulary, Grammar
Exercise – I.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word as per the context.
1. She said to her boss, “My ———– works at a factory.” (dad/father).
2. He ———– his mobile for any messages, (checked/verified).
3. My friend ———– me about this issue, (told/informed).
4. The government has ordered the CBI to ———– the case, (look into/investigate).
5. “I need your ———– in solving this problem,” said the chairperson to the committee members, (help/assistance).
Answers:
1. father
2. checked
3. told
4. investigate
5. assistance
Exercise – II.
Question 1.
Place the word. given below in the appropriate column of the table. Refer to a dictionary if necessary.
| Formal | Informal |
| Purchases | Handy |
| Commence: | Guy |
| Resume | Loo |
| Thus | Need |
| Reckon Terrific |
Question 2.
Now match the words in the above table with words from this list.
Answer:
| Formal | Informal | ||
| 1. | Purchase | (7) | Handy |
| 2. | Commence | (6) | Guy |
| 3. | Resuma | (9) | Loo |
| 4. | Thus | (8) | Need |
| 5. | Reckon | (4) | Therefore |
| 6. | Man | (2) | Start |
| 7. | Convenient | (1) | Buy |
| 8. | Require | (3) | Start again |
| 9. | Restroom | (5) | Think |
| 10. | Terrific | (10) | Fantastic |
Exercise – III
Identify the formal and informal expressions among the following.
1. I’d be very grateful if you could … ( )
2. Amazing! ( )
3. That’s great, thanks. ( )
4. He has been monitoring my movement carefully. ( )
5. Congratulations on your success. ( )
6. Well done buddy! ( )
7. You’ve got that wrong. ( )
8. You must be kidding! ( )
9. Cool hairstyle! ( )
10. I think you may be mistaken on this point. ( )
Answers:
1. Formal
2. Informal
3. Informal
4. Formal
5. Informal
6. Informal
7. Formal
8. Informal
9. Informal
10. Formal
Exercise – IV.
Rewrite the following sentences in informal English using appropriate vocabulary.
1. I would like to apologlse for forgetting your birthday.
2. I requested for a Laptop.
3. My brother established his business in 2007.
4. When did he discover the truth?
5. The price of land has increased manifold.
Answers:
1. I am sorry for forgetting your birthday.
2. I want a laptop.
3. My brother started his business in 2007.
4. When did he get to know about the truth?
5. The price of the Land has increased many times.
Exercise – V.
Rewrite these sentences in formal English using appropriate vocabulary.
1. He got the first rank in the entrance test.
2. This book is not very cheap.
3. My kids didn’t go to school.
4. I will get in touch with you.
5. There are lot of parks in the city.
Answers:
1. He secured first rank in the entrance test.
2. This book is expensive.
3. My children didn’t go to school.
4. I will be in contact with you.
5. There are so many parks in the city / There are lot many parks in the city.
Exercise – VI.
Give the formal equivalents of the following Informai words or expressions.
1. in the end
2. get in touch
3. call on
4. wrong
5. show
6. let
7. give up
8. death
9. chance
10. leave out
Answers:
1. in the end – Eventually I Finally
2. get in touch – Contad
3. call on – Ask / request I plead
4. wrong – incorrect
5. show – display / exhibit / demonstrate
6. let – allow
7. give up – quit / abandon I cease
8. death – demise
9. chance – opportunity
10. leave out – except! exclude /eliminate
Exercise VII
a. Rewrite the following letter in more appropriate formal English.
Dear Mr. Sharma
We’re really sorry toy that we can’t lend you the sum of five Lakh rupees that you need and asked for. But we can perhaps give you a loan for some of the money. If you are still interested, you can get in touch with our main branch and fix up a meeting with the assistant manager. He will be happy to talk to you about it. Sincerely
Answer:
Dear Mr. Sharma
We apologise for not lending you the sum of five lakh rupees you requested for. But
we can provide you a loan.
If you are interested, contact our main branch and fix an appointment with the assistant manager. He will be happy to talk to you.
Sincerely
b. Rewrite the following text message In informal English.
Dear Mother
I wish to inform you that I will not be able to reach home early this evening. I will be going out for dinner with my friends. I request you not to wait for me. Moreover, please finish your dinner and go to sleep. I have my set of keys with me. Good night.
Answer:
Dear Mother
I want to tell you that I cannot reach home early this evening. I am going for dinner along with my friends. Please do not wait for me. Finish your dinner and sleep. I have one more set of keys with me Good night.
Grammer Sentences:
Exercise – I.
Which of the following are sentences?
1. All things taken into account.
2. On the table.
3. She smiled,
4. The old shed with the bird cage next to it.
5. This year I may not be lucky.
6. Cupboard full of attractive children’s books.
7. Writing on the wall.
8. Behind most successful people, there is commitment and hard work.
9. This is interesting.
10. Very long queue.
Only four of the above are sentences, the others are phrases and do not make complete sense. A phrse is never an independent structure, making some sense but never complete sense. A phrase requires a verb in order to make complete sense.
From the above examples it is also dear that sentences can be very short and phrases can be very long. For instance, sentence No. 3 above is the shortest with two words but is a complete sentence whereas No. 4 consists often words but is not a sentence. Now, let us look at the three sentence types:
Simple Sentence
Read the following sentences:
- flowers are beautiful.
- The nightingale sings.
What are these sentences about? The first sentence is about ‘lowers” and the second is about “the nightingale”. So, “flowers” and ‘nightingale” are the subjects of the two sentences.
Next let us see what we are saying about the subject “flowers” and “the nightingale”. We are saying that the flowers “are beautiful” and the nightingale “sings.” The verb describes what the subject is or what the subject does or what happens to the subject.
- A simple sentence contains a noun or a noun group called the subject.
- The subject is the person or thing that the sentence is about.
- This is followed by a verb or a verb group, which tells you what the subject is doing, or describes the subject’s situation.
- Thus, ‘simple’ in a simple sentence has nothing to do with length or easiness.
- A simple sentence may be very short or considerably long.
Example
- I waited.
- Hema was screaming loudly.
- The dog in the corridor started barking ferociously.
- Did she win a medal in the Olympics?
- The government has decided to appoint a senior IAS officer to chair the committee constituted for enquiring into the massive scam.
Exercise – II.
Identify the subject or the noun group and the verb group in the following sentences.
1. The Araku valley is one of India’s most beautiful regions.
2. The company offered him a very good salary.
3. The members of the Covid patient’s family were also asked to undergo the test.
4. My father puts milk, sugar and lemon in his tea.
5. I did not find the film very interesting.
Compound Sentence
Read the following sentences:
1. a. The room was dark. I turned on the light.
b. The room was dark, so I turned on the light.
2. a. It began to rain. I didn’t open my umbrella.
b. It began to rain but I didn’t open my umbrella.
In sentence la and 2a, there are two independent simple sentences: The room was dark” and “I turned on the light”, and “It began to rain” and “I didn’t open my umbrella”. In sentences Ib and 2b, the two simple sentences are combined with the conjunctions “so” and “but”. The conjunctions “so” and “but” in the sentences Ib and 2b make the relationship between the two sentences very clear. Such sentences are known as compound sentences.
- A compound sentence is formed when two or more simple sentences are combined by means of co-ordinating conjunctions.
- The components or the simple sentences are known as clauses.
- A clause is a group of words containing a verb ie., clauses usually consist of a subject and a verb group.
- Clauses are of two types: independent and dependent.
- In a compound sentence, the clauses are essentially independent sentences which could stand alone.
- And the clauses are of equal importance known as coordinate clauses joined together by coordinating conjunctions.
- Co-ordinating conjunctions such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so join sentence elements of equal grammatical rank such as words, phrases and clauses.
Eg:
1. Take the sweets and distribute it among your friends.
2. He is lazy yet he gets the highest marks in the group.
3. He is not completely frank nor is he friendly.
4. I did not make it clear or you were not paying attention me.
5. I arrived late so I missed the beginning of the lecture.
6. He didn’t like the film but his sister found it interesting.
Answers:
1. Subject – The Araku valley
Noun group – One of India’s must beautiful regions.
2. Subject – The company
Verb – Offered
Noun group – him a very dood salary
3. Subject – The members of the Covid patient’s family
Verb – asked
Noun group – to undergo the test
4. Subject – My father
Verb – puts
Noun group – milk, sugar, and lemon in his tea.
Exercise III.
Choose the appropriate conjunction to make it into a compound sentence.
1. I have already written to him _________ (but/so) I expect a reply soon.
2. You can keep this bag _________ (so/or) look for a new one.
3. He could not catch the bus _________ (nor/or) was he able take the train.
4. This land is fertile _________ (but/therefore) we paid a high price for it.
5. The boy worked very hard _________ (so/but) he could not achieve his goal.
Answer:
1. so
2. or
3. nor
4. therefore
5. but
Exercise IV.
Identify the main clause and the subordinate clause.
1. He is successful because he is very honest.
2. She showed up when I needed her the most.
3. He was declared not guilty as there was no evidence against him.
4. The girl who was here yesterday is a student of mine.
5. He acted as if he knew the truth.
Answer:
1. Main clause : He is successful
Subordiante clause : because he is very honest
2. Main clause : She showed up
Subordiante clause : when I needed her the most
3. Main clause : He was declared not guilty
Subord jante clause : as there was no evidence against him
4. Main clause : The girl
Subordiante clause : who was here yesterday is a student of mine.
5. Main clause : He acted
Subordiante clause : as if he knew the truth
Exercise V.
Choose the appropriate conjunction to make It into a complex sentence.
1. The were going by car …………. (because/so) it was more comfortable.
2. …………. (Though/Because) he was only 15, they offered him a seat in the university.
3. Aeroplanes carry parachutes …………. (that/because) the crew can escape in case of an emergency.
4. The security forces ordered (that/if) the area should be cleared.
5. The announcer explained (why/though) the train was delayed.
Answers:
1. Because
2. through
3. because
4. that
5. why
Exercise VI.
Identify the type of sentence.
1. The bird sat on the branch of a neem tree.
2. I don’t care how expensive it is!
3. Two minutes ago the baby was fast asleep, but now he is crying.
4. He is not tall enough to join the military.
5. You can wait or leave.
Answer:
1. Simple sentence
2. Exclamatory sentence
3. Compound sentence
4. Complex sentence
5. Imperative sentence / Command
Exercise VII.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate conjunctions given below.
but or so because although
1. ________ it was hot, he was wearing a shawl.
2. She was sick ________ she didn’t come to college.
3. The teacher appreciated me ________ I was very punctual.
4. Do you want a cup of tea ________ do you prefer coffee?
5. They wanted to go the picnic, ________ the parents did not permit them.
Answers:
1. Although
2. so
3. because
4. or
5. but
Exercise VIII
Combine the two sentences using the word given in brackets.
1. It’s an old laptop. It works okay, (although)
2. There were not enough students. They dosed the village school, (as)
3. Nobody wanted to go. They cancelled the trip, (so)
4. It was very hot. They could not play outdoors, (because)
5. Do you want to take up a job? Do you prefer business? (or)
Answers:
1. Although it’s an old laptop. It works okay,
2. As there were not enough students, they closed the village school
3. Nobody wanted to go so they cancelled the trip
4. They could not play outdoors because it was very hot
5. Do you want to take up a job or do you prefer business