OU Degree 5th Sem English Unit 1 Vocabulary, Grammar

Exercise I.

Match the expressions in column I with the words In column II.

	I	Answer	II
1.	English medicine	e	a.	Complaining
2.	Cent percent	i	b.	Lighter skin colour
3.	Cut the call	g	c.	Blender, mixer
4.	Non-veg	h	d.	Best
5.	Batchmate	j	e.	Allopathy
6.	Wheatish	b	f.	Memorize, cram
7.	Cribbing	a	g.	Hang up abruptly
8.	Mixie	c	h.	Food containing meat
9.	Level best	d	i.	Hundred percent
10.	Mug up	f	j.	Classmate

Exercise II.

Make the following sentences more acceptable.

1. I ordered for a coffee.
Answer:
I ordered a coffee.

2. Let us discuss about common errors in English.
Answer:
Let us discuss common errors in English.

3. The meeting is preponed.
Answer:
The meeting is advanced.

4. I was out of station last week.
Answer:
I was out of town last week.

5. I am sending you an application. Please do the needful.
Answer:
I am sending you an application. Please do what needs to be done / Please do what is required.

6. He bought this car a few years back.
Answer:
He bought this car a few years ago.

7. He had studied law. He passed out last year.
Answer:
He had studied law. He graduated last year.

8. Kindly revert back at the earliest.
Answer:
Kindly respond/reply at the earliest.

9. “My computer is not working”. “ok. Do one thing”.
Answer:
“My computer is not working”. “ok, what you can do is” … / “ok, you can do this” / “ok, do this …“ / “ok, here is what you can do.”

10. I am having a headache.
Answer:
I have a headache.

11. On Sundays, I am sitting at home only.
Answer:
On Sundays, I stay at home.

12. I can be able to do it.
Answer:
I can do it. It will be able to do it.

13. Take the umbrella, rain is coming.
Answer:
Take the umbrella, it is raining.

14. I forgot to give key to the watch.
Answer:
I forgot to wind the watch.

15. He failed to get a job and so he is keeping quiet.
Answer:
He failed to get a job and so he is doing nothing.

16. What is your good name, please?
Answer:
May I know your name, please?

17. I’ll go and come.
Answer:
I’ll come back.

18. No parking before the gate.
Answer:
No parking in front of the gate.

19. Parking at the backside.
Answer:
Parking at the back. / Parking in the rear.

20. Have you taken your meals?
Answer:
Have you had your food? / Have you had your lunch (or dinner)?

21. She is my cousin sister but he is my real brother.
Answer:
She is my cousin but he is my brother.

22. Kindly attend the meeting without fail.
Answer:
Kindly attend the meeting.

23. He told he was going to America.
Answer:
He said he was going to America.

24. I will explain you.
Answer:
I will explain to you.

25. Let me suggest you something.
Answer:
Let me suggest to you something. / Let me suggest something to you.

26. Why not you try this idea?
Answer:
Why don’t you try this idea?

27. Please correct if I’m incorrect.
Answer:
Please correct me if I’m wrong.

28. You are calling regarding?
Answer:
Your call regarding

29. Can you repeat it again, please?
Answer:
Can you repeat it, please? / Could you please repeat it?

30. Sorry for the delay in replying to your letter.
Answer:
Sorry for the delay in replying your letter. / Sorry for the delay in replying to you.

Grammer: Framing Questions

information questions (or ‘Wh’ questions)
“Where do you work?”
Information questions begin with ‘Who’, ‘What’, ‘Where’, ‘Hàw’, ‘How much’ and so on, which are called ‘question words’, Questions usin2 these words cannot be answered with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. Some information is given in response. Hence, they are called information questions.

E.g., What is your name? Where do you study? Whose choice was it? Who teaches you English? Which subject do you like most? Why is it your favourite subject? How do you go to college?

‘Yes’/’No’ questions “Are you a teacher?”
The response to such questions may be affirmative (“yes”) or negative (‘so”), but it should be all affirmation or all neative.

• Are you a student?
• Yes, I am. I No, I’m not.
  Never say
• Yes, I’m not. / No, I am.

Alternative questions
“Do you Like teaching or administration?”
Such questions offer alternatives and the response may be either or both or neither of the alternatives. Such questions are called alternative questions. Alternative questions are used with the word or’, and they cannot be answered with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. A full sentence is needed as an answer.

Tag questions
“Teaching is a noble profession, isn’t it?”
Note that the question tag at the end draws attention to the statement that precedes it. Such questions are called ‘tag questions’. Question tags are not actually questions they only expect agreement (hence, they may be remembered as ‘confirmation questions’). Tag questions are usually used only in conversation and not in formal English.

→ If the statement is in the affirmative, the tag is in the negative.
You are a student, aren’t you?

→  If the statement is in the negative, the tag is in the affirmative.
You aren’t a bad student, are you?

→  The subject of the tag question is always a pronoun, and it is a substitute for the subject of the statement.
Ramesh is a student, isn’t he?
Zahira isn’t a teacher, is she?

→  The pronoun is used in the tag according to the number (singular/plural), gender
(masculine/feminine) and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) of the subject of the statement.
Ramesh is a student, isn’t he?
Zahira isn’t a teacher, is she?
Ramesh and Zahira are students, aren’t they?

→ In the tag, as in other ‘Yes-No’ type questions, the verb is shifted to the beginning of the tag.
Your mother is a teacher, isn’t she?

→ The other ‘be’ forms (‘are, is, was, were’) are repeated in the tag.
They are students, aren’t they?
They were in the college yesterday, weren’t they?

→  In the case of linking verbs other than ‘be’, the appropriate form of ‘dd in the statement is repeated in the tag.
They attend college every day, don’t they? (Present tense, third person plural).
You got good marks last year, didn’t you? (Past tense, second person singular).
She also works at home, doesn’t she? (Present tense, third person singular).

Exercise I

Frame questions to elicit the following answers:

1. He is my friend.
Who is that man? / Who is he?

2. It’s and audio book.
What is this? I What is it?

3. It’s a Thursday.
What day is today? / What day is it today?

4. English is my favourite subject.
what is your favourite subject? (Where selection among indefinite number
Is Involved) / Which is your favourite subject? (Where selection among a limited [definite] number Is involved)

5. I would like to become an astronaut.
What would you like to become?

6. I study in New Ideas College
Where do you study?

7. It is near Charminar
Where is It?

8. I joined last year.
When did you join (the college)?

9. Igobybus.
How do you go to college?

10. I am 18 years old.
How old are you?

Exercise Il

Frame questions to elicit the following answers:

1. My college is about 10 kilometres from home.
How far is your college from your home?

2. I spend nearly Rs. 30 every day on transport.
How much do you spend on transport?

3. I go to the playground once a week.
How often do you go to the playground?

4. I play football.
What game do you play?

5. I play quite well.
How well do you play?

6. I have been playing form the last three years.
How long have you been playing?

7. The one with No. 10 is my jersey.
Which one is your Jersey?

8. I like Ronaldo the most
Who do you like the most? Which player do you like the most?

9. Yes, I would love to meet him.
Would you like to meet him?

10. No I dont watch cricket.
Do you watch cricket?

11. Yes, I used to play cricket when I was in school.
Did you ever play cricket?

12. I prefer to play football.
What do you prefer to play?

Exercise III.

Add question tags to the following statements:

1. Seema sings well, ———–
doesn’t she?

2. He did not go to college, ———–
did he?

3. She is suffering from fever, ———–
Isn’t she?

4. He doesn’t swim well, ———–
does he?

5. They are celebrating their victory, ———–
aren’t they?

6. Gautham should buy this book, ———–
shouldn’t he?

7. Hecanwalkfst, ———–
can’t he?

8. She would like this gift, ———–
wouldn’t she?

9. They had their lunch, ———–
hadn’t they?

10. She will listen to you, ———–
won’t she?

11. They don’t go to the market often,
do they?

12. You paint well,
don’t you?

OU Degree 5th Sem English Study Material

OU Degree 5th Sem English – What’s the Language of the Future? Questions and Answers & Summary

Comprehension-I. (Short Answer Question)

Question 1.
What is the status of English In the twenty-first century?
Answer:
In the twenty-first century, the world is becoming more urban and more middle class, and the adoption of English is a symptom of this, for increasingly English serves as the lingua franca of business and popular culture. It is dominant or at least very prominent in other areas such as shipping, diplomacy, computing, medicine and education.

Question 2.
What are the Arabic and English languages associated with the UAE?
Answer:
According to the author, a recent study has suggested that among students in the United Arab Emirates “Arabic is associated with tradition, home, religion, culture, school, arts and social sciences,” whereas English “is symbolic of modernity, work, higher education, commerce, economics and science and technology.” In Arabic-speaking countries, science subjects are often taught in English because excellent textbooks and other educational resources are readily available in English.

Question 3.
What helped the spread of the English language in the past and what helps it spread in the present?
Answer:
According to the author, English has spread because of British colonialism, the technological advances of the Industrial Revolution, American economic and political ascendancy, and further (mostly American) technological developments in the second half of the twentieth century.

Its rise has been assisted by the massive exportation of English as a second language, as well as by the growth of an English-language mass media. Hitchings opines that today it is English that is the world’s auxiliary tongue. There are more people who use English as a second language than there are native speakers.

Estimates of the numbers vary, but even the most guarded view is that English has 500 million second- language speakers. Far more of the world’s citizens are eagerly jumping on board than trying to resist its progress. In some cases the devotion appears religious and can involve what to outsiders looks a lot like self-mortification.

Question 4.
What example does the author cite to show the craze for English in Korea?
Answer:
The author cites the example given by Mark Abley of the lengths people will go to in order to learn English, seduced by the belief that linguistic capital equals economic capital. According to Abley, some rich Koreans pay for their children to have an operation that lengthens the tongue because it helps them speak English convincingly. The suggestion is that it enables them to produce r and l sounds, although the evidence of the many proficient English-speakers among Korean immigrants in America and Britain makes one wonder whether the procedure is either necessary or useful.

Question 5.
Which two languages may appear to pose a challenge to English in the twenty-first century? What are their strengths and weaknesses?
Answer:
According to the author, Spanish and Mandarin Chinese are the two languages that may appear to pose a challenge to the position of English as the dominant world language in the twenty-first century. Hitchings opines that both the languages have more first-language users than English.

However, at present neither of the two languages is much used as a lingua franca, i.e., a connecting language among different language groups. The majority of speakers of Mandarin Chinese live in one country, and, excepting Spain, most Spanish- speakers are in the North and South Americas.

Question 6.
What does the author mean when he says that the main challenge to English may come from ‘within’?
Answer:
Henry Hitchings explains that the main challenges to English may come from ‘within’. There is a long history of people using the language for anti-English ends-of creative artists and political figures asserting in English their distance from Englishness or Britishness or Americanness.

For instance, many writers whose first language has not been English have infused their English writing with foreign flavours; this has enabled them to parade their heritage while working in a medium that has made it possible for them to reach a wide audience.

Question 7.
Which two countries are mentioned as potential sites of challenge to the English language?
Answer:
The author mentioned India and China as potential sites of challenge to the English language.

Question 8.
Why are the Chinese learning English in large numbers? Which unconventional method of teaching English in China does the author mention?
Answer:
In his essay, Henry Hitchings explained the reason why the Chines are learning English in large numbers. According to him, the entrepreneur Li Yang has developed Crazy English, an unorthodox teaching method. It involves a lot of shouting. This, Li explains, is the way for Chinese to activate their “international muscles.” His agenda is patriotic.

Kingsley Bolton, head of the English department at the City University of Hong Kong, calls this “huckster nationalism.” It certainly has a flamboyant quality; one of Li’s slogans is “Conquer English to Make China Strong.” A few dissenting voices suggest that he is encouraging racism, but the enthusiasm for his populist approach is in no doubt, and it is a symptom of China’s English Fever: the ardent conviction that learning English is the essential skill for surviving in the modern world.

Question 9.
What is the result of the two most populous countries adopting the English language? How does it affect the native speakers of the language?
Answer:
Henry Hitchings opines that due the embrace of English in India and China, the English language is changing. Some of the changes are likely to prove disconcerting for its native speakers. The “English-ness” of English is being diluted. English’s centre of gravity is moving; in fact, in the twenty-first century the language has many centres.

The author feels that as this continues, native English speakers may find themselves at a disadvantage. At the same time, native speakers of English tend to assume that their command over English makes it unimportant to learn other languages.

Moreover, there is a chance that a command of English will within twenty or thirty years be regarded as a basic skill for business, and native speakers of the language will no longer enjoy any competitive advantage. The reality is different. British companies often miss out on export opportunities because of a lack of relevant language skills.

Question 10.
What disadvantages are the native speakers likely to face for knowing only English?
Answer:
The author shows that English is both ‘pushed’ and is equally ‘pulled’. He explains that large companies such as British Petroleum (now BP Amoco) have worked with the British Council, set up in 1934 as an “international cultural relations body”, funding educational schemes to encourage foreign nationals to learn English.

The author feels that this is not exactly an act of altruism but for what Robert Phillipson says, “English for business is business for English.” The British Council tries to promote or ‘push’ the British English – for protecting both ‘cultural’ and ‘corporate’ interests. However, the english is the most attractive language in the world today that people are attracted or ‘pulled’ towards learning it

Question 11.
How does the author show that English is both ‘pushed’ and ‘pulled’?
Answer:
According to the author, the result of English spreading to different places is complex. Even as vast amounts are spent on spreading British English, the reality is that English is taking on more and more local colour in the different places where it is used. Accordingly, while the number of languages in the world is diminishing, the number of English is increasing.

Comprehension II. (Essay Type Question)

Question 1.
Explain the main argument of the essay?
Answer:
Henry Hitchings (born 1974) is an author and critic specializing in language and cultural history. The present essay, “What’s the Language of the Future?” is an excerpt from his book The Language Wars: A History of Proper English (2001).

The essay outlines the factors that helped the spread of English in the past, the reasons for the ‘English Fever’ in the present and the challenges that English is likely to face in the near future. Presently, English serves as the lingua franca (link language) business and popular culture.

In the countries like, the UAE, English “is symbolic of modernity, work, higher education, commerce, economics, and science and technology.” The spread of English has a business or monetary purpose because excellent books are available in English. According to Sir Richard Francis, the Director General of the British Council, “Britain’s black gold is not North Sea oil, but the English Language.”

Hence the propagation of English is an industry, not a happy accident. The spread of English is for the benefit of the British corporate interests. It is not an act of altruism-welfare of others. As Robert Phillipson says, “English for business is business for English.”

Hitchings feels that there are challenges to the position of English in the 21st century. The main challenges are from Spanish and Mandarin Chinese. Both have more first- language users. But they are not used as lingua franca (link language) and limited to a specific geographical areas.

According the author, the main challenge to English may come from within. Due to the embrace of English by Indians and Chinese, the language is changing. Hitchings feels that English’s centre of gravity is moving. In the 21st century, there are many centres. This leads to the creation of many “Englishes”. Increasingly, English is taking more local colour in different places where it is used.

Hence the number of Englishes is increasing. The non native speakers of English, especially creative artists and political figures, are now using the English language for anti-English ends by distancing themselves from Englishness or Britishness or American-ness. Hence, the “English-ness” or “American-ness” of English is being diluted. As a result, the native speakers of English may find themselves at a disadvantage. The number of non-natives speakers increases, the competitive advantage the native speakers enjoy decreases.

Question 2.
Discuss the current status of English as a global language.
Answer:
Henry Hitchings (born 1974) is an author and critic specializing in language and cultural history. The present, essay, “What’s the Language of the Future?” is an excerpt from his book The Language Wars: A History of Proper English (2001). The essay outlines the factors that helped the spread of English in the past, the reasons for the ‘English Fever’ in the present and the challenges that English is likely to face in the near future.

In the twenty-first century, the world is becoming more urban and more middle class, and the adoption of English is a symptom of this, for increasingly English serves as the lingua franca of business and popular culture. It is dominant or at least very prominent in other areas such as shipping, diplomacy, computing, medicine and education.

According to the author, English has spread because of British colonialism, the technological advances of the Industrial Revolution, American economic and political ascendancy, and further (mostly American) technological developments in the second half of the twentieth century. Hitchings opines that today it is English that is the world’s auxiliary tongue.

There are more people who use English as a second language than there are native speakers. Estimates of the numbers vary, but even the most guarded view is that English has 500 million second-language speakers.

The author cites the example given by Mark Abley of the lengths people will go to in order to learn English, seduced by the belief that linguistic capital equals economic capital.According to Abley, some rich Koreans pay for their children to have an operation that lengthens the tongue because it helps them speak English convincingly.

The suggestion is that it enables them to produce r and l sounds, although the evidence of the many proucient English-speakers among Korean immigrants in America and Britain makes one wonder whether the procedure is either necessary or useful. In this way, the devotion crazy towards learning English in the 21st century appears to be religious and can involve what to outsiders looks a lot like self-mortiucation.

Question 3.
Describe the image and the advantages that English has vis-a-vis the other languages mentioned in the essay.
Answer:
Henry Hitchings (born 1974) is an author and critic specializing in language and cultural history. The present essay, “What’s the Language of the Future?” is an excerpt from his book The Language Wars: A History of Proper English (2001). The essay outlines the factors that helped the spread of English in the past, the -reasons for the ‘English Fever’ in the present and the challenges that English is likely to face in the near future.

According to the author, Spanish and Mandarin Chinese are the two languages that may-appear to pose a challengeto the position of English as the dominant world language in the twenty-first century. Hitchings opines that both the languages have more first-language users than English. However, at present neither of the two languages is much used as a lingua franca, i.e., a connecting language among different language groups. The majority of speakers of Mandarin Chinese live in one country, and, excepting Spain, most Spanish-speakers are in the North and South Americas.

However, Henry Hitchings explains that the main challenges to English may come from ‘within’. There is a long history of people using the language for anti-English ends – of creative artists and political ugures asserting in English their distance from Englishness or Britishness or American-ness. According to the author, the English language has advantages over Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. Presently, English serves as the lingua franca (link language) business and popular culture. Moreover, more people in the world are now attracted or ‘pulled’ towards learning English.

Question 4.
According to the propagation of English is neither ‘a happy accident” nor “an act of altruism”.
Answer:
Henry Hitchings (born 1974) is an author and critic specializing in language and cultural history. The present essay, “What’s the Language of the Future?” is an excerpt from his book The Language Wars: A History of Proper English (2001).

The essay outlines the factors that helped the spread of English in the past, the reasons for the ‘English Fever’ in the present and the challenges that English is likely to face in the near future.The author explains how the number of people who can speak English around the world is increasing.

He presents the figures from a survey of 2005 which reveals that more than 80 per cent of people in the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden claimed to be able to speak English. The ugure was around 60 per cent in Finland, 50 per cent in Germany, 30 per cent in France and Italy, and 20 percent in Spain and Turkey.

The author feels that propagation of English around the World isneither ‘a happy accident” nor “an act of altruism’The author explains that the spread of English is actually done for what Robert Phillipson says, “English for business is business for English.” The author explains that large companies such as British Petroleum (now BP Amoco) have worked with the British Council, set up in 1934 as an “international cultural relations body”, funding educational schemes to encourage foreign nationals to leam English.

The author explains that the British Council tries to promote or ‘push’ the British English for protecting both ‘cultural’ and ‘corporate’ interests. However, the English is the most attractive language in the world today that people are attracted or ‘pulled’ towards learning it

Question 5.
What, according to Hitchings, is the likely impact of the “centre of gravity of English” moving?
Answer:
Henry Hitchings (born 1974) is an author and critic specializing in language and cultural history. The present essay, “What’s the Language of the Future?” is an excerpt from his book The Language Wars: A History of Proper English (2001). The essay outlines the factors that helped the spread of English in the past, the reasons for the ‘English Fever’ in the present and the challenges that English is likely to face in the near future.

Henry Hitchings opines that due the embrace of English in India and China, the English language is changing. Some of the changes are likely to prove disconcerting for its native speakers. The “English-ness” of English is being diluted. The ‘centre of gravity of English’ is moving; in fact, in the twenty-first century the language has ‘many centres’.

The author feels that as this continues, native English-speakers may and themselves at a disadvantage. At the same time, native speakers of English tend to assume that their command over English makes it unimportant to learn other languages. Moreover, there is a chance that a command of English will within twenty or thirty years be regarded as a basic skill for business, and native speakers of the language will no longer enjoy any competitive advantage.

The reality is different. British companies often miss out on export opportunities because of a lack of relevant language skills. As the result of shifting centre of gravity of English, the English language is taking on more and more local colour in the different parts of the world where it is used. Accordingly, while the number of languages in the world is diminishing, the number of English is increasing.

What’s the Language of the Future Poem Summary in English

Henry Hitchings (born 1974) is an author and critic specializing in language and cultural history. Henry Hitchings was born in 1974. He is the author of Dr Johnson’s Dictionary: The Extraordinary Story of the Book that Defined the World (2005), The Secret Life of Words: How English Became English (2008), Who’s Afraid of Jane Austen?: How toReally Talk About Books You Haven’t Read(2008), The Language Wars: A History of Proper English (2011), Sorry!

The English and their Manners (2013), and has recently edited a collection of essays Browse: The World in Bookshops.He has contributed to many newspapers and magazines and is the theatre critic for the London Evening Standard. He became a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2015
.
The present essay, “What’s the Language of the Future?” is an excerpt from his book The Language Wars: A History of Proper English (2001). The essay outlines the factors that helped the spread of English in the past, the reasons for the ‘English Fever’ in the present and the challenges that English is likely to face in the near future.

Presently, English serves as the lingua franca (link language) business and popular culture. In the countries like, the UAE, English “is symbolic of modernity, work, higher education, commerce, economics, and science and technology.” The spread of English has a business or monetary purpose because excellent books are available in English.

According to Sir Richard Francis, the Director General of the British Council, “Britain’s black gold is not North Sea oil, but the English Language.” Hence the propagation of English is an industry, not a happy accident. The spread of English is for the benefit of the British corporate interests. It is not an act of altruism- welfare of others. As Robert Phillipson says, “English for business is business for English.”

Hitchings feels that there are challenges to the position of English in the 21st century. The main challenges are from Spanish and Mandarin Chinese. Both have more first- language users. But they are not used as lingua franca (link language) and limited to a specific geographical area. According the author, the main challenge to English may come from within. Due to the embrace of English by Indians and Chinese, the language is changing. Hitchings feels that English’s centre of gravity is moving.

In the 21st century, there are many centres. This leads to the creation of many “Englishes”. Increasingly,English is taking more local colour in different places where it is used. Hence the number of Englishes is increasing. The non-native speakers of English, especially creative artists and political figures, are now using the English language for anti-English ends by distancing themselves from Englishness or Britishness or American-ness.

Hence, the “English-ness” or “American-ness” of English is being diluted. As a result, the native speakers of English may find themselves at a disadvantage. The number of non-natives speakers increases, the competitive advantage the native speakers enjoy decreases.

What’s the Language of the Future Poem Summary in Telugu

హెద్రీ హిచింగ్స్ (జననం 1974) భాష మరియు సాంస్ృతిక చరిత్రలో ప్రత్యేకత కలిగిన రచయిత మరియు విమర్శకుడు. హెన్రీ హిచింగ్స్ 1974 లో జన్మించారు. అతను డా. జాన్సన్ డిక్షనరీ: ది ఎక్స్టటరర్డినరీ స్టోరీ ఆఫ్ ది బుక్ డిఫైన్డ్ ది వరల్డ్ (2005), ది సీక్రెట్ లైఫ్ ఆఫ్ వర్స్: హౌ ఇంగ్లీష్ బీమ్ ఇంగ్లీష్ (2008), జేన్ ఆస్టెన్కి ఎవరు భయపడ్డారు : మీరు చదవని పుస్తకాల గురించి నిజంగా ఎలా మాట్లాడాలి (2008), భాషా యుద్ధాలు: సరైన ఇంగ్లీష్ చరిత్ర (2011), క్షమించండి!

ఇంగ్లీష్ మరియు వారి మర్యాదలు (2013), మరియు ఇటీవల బ్రౌజ్: ది వరల్డ్ ఇన్ బుక్ షాప్స్ అనే వ్యాసాల సేకరణను సవరించారు. అతను అనేక వార్తాపత్రికలు మరియు మ్యాగజైన్లకు సహకరించాడు మరియు లండన్ ఈవెనింగ్ స్టాండర్డ్ కోసం థియేటర్ విమర్శకుడు. అతను 2015 లో రాయల్ సొసైటీ ఆఫ్ లిటరేచర్లో ఫెలో అయ్యాడు.

ప్రస్తుత వ్యాసం, “భవిష్యత్ భాష ఏమిది?” అనేది అతని పస్తకం ది లాంగ్వేజ్ వార్స్: ఎ హిస్టరీ ఆఫ్ ప్రాపర్ ఇంగ్లీష్ (2001). ఈ వ్యాసం గతంలో ఆంగ్ల వ్యాప్తికి దోహదపడిన అంశాలు, వర్తమానంలో ‘ఇంగ్లీష్ ఫీవర్’ కారణాలు మరియు సమీప భవిష్యత్తులో ఇంగ్లీష్ ఎదుర్కొనే సవాళ్లను వివరిస్తుంది. ప్రస్తుతం, ఇంగ్లీష్ లింగువా ఫ్రాంకా (లింక్ లాంగ్వేజ్) వ్యాపారం మరియు ప్రముఖ సంస్తృిిగా పనిచేస్తోంది. యుఎఇ వంటి దేశాలలో, ఇంగ్లీష్ “ఆధునికత, పని, ఉన్నత విద్య, వాణిజ్యం, ఆర్థిక శాస్తం మరియు సైన్స్ అండ్ టెక్నాలజీకి ప్రతీక.”

ఆంగ్ల వ్యాప్తికి వ్యాపారం లేదా ద్రవ్య ప్రయోజనం ఉంది ఎందుకంటే అద్భుతమైన పుస్తకాలు ఆంగ్లంలో అందుబాటులో ఉన్నాయి. బ్రిటిష్ కౌన్సిల్ డైరెక్టర్ జనరల్ సర్ రిచర్డ్ ఫాన్సిస్ ప్రకారం, “బ్రిటన్ యొక్క నల్ల బంగారం ఉత్తర సముద్రపు నూనె కాదు, ఆంగ్ల భాష.” అందువల్ల ఇంగ్లీష్ ప్రచారం ఒక పరిశ్రమ, సంతోషకరమైన ప్రమాదం కాదు. ఇంగ్లీష్ వ్యాప్తి బ్రిటీష్ కార్పొరేట్ ప్రయోజనాల ప్రయోజనం కోసం. ఇది పరోపకార చర్య కాదు- ఇతరుల సంక్షేమం. రాబర్ట్ ఫిలిప్సన్ చెప్పినట్లుగా, “వ్యాపారం కోసం ఇంగ్లీష్ అనేది ఆంగ్లానికి వ్యాపారం.”

21 వ శతాబ్దంలో ఇంగ్లీష్ స్థానానికి సవాళ్లు ఉన్నాయని హిచింగ్స్ భావిస్తున్నారు. ప్రధాన సవాళ్లు స్పానిష్ మరియు మాండరిన్ చైనీస్ నుండి. ఇద్దరికీ మొదటి భాష వాడుకదారులు ఎక్కువ. కానీ అవి భాషా ఫ్రాంకా (లింక్ లాంగ్వేజ్) గా ఉపయోగించబడవు మరియు నిర్దిష్ట భౌగోళిక ప్రాంతాలకు పరిమితం చేయబడ్డాయి. రచయిత ప్రకారం, ఆంగ్లానికి ప్రధాన సవాలు లోపల నుండి రావచ్చు.

భారతీయులు మరియు చైనీయులు ఇంగ్లీషును ఆలింగనం చేసుకోవడం వలన, భాష మారుతోంది. ఆంగ్ల గురుత్వాకర్షణ కేంద్రం కదులుతున్నట్లు హిచింగ్స్ భావిస్తున్నారు. 21 వ శతాబ్దంలో, అనేక కేంద్రాలు ఉన్నాయి. ఇది అనేక “ఇంగ్లీష్ల” సృష్టికి దారితీస్తుంది. పెరుగుతున్న కొద్దీ, ఆంగ్లం ఉపయోగించబడే వివిధ ప్రదేశాలలో మరింత స్థానిక రంగును పొందుతోంది.

అందువల్ల ఇంగ్లీషుల సంఖ్య పెరుగుతోంది. ఆంగ్లంలో స్థానికేతరులు, ప్ర్యేకించి సృజనాత్మక కళాకారులు మరియు రాజకీయ ప్రముఖులు, ఇంగ్లీషు లేదా బ్రిటీష్నెస్ లేదా అమెరికన్-నెస్ నుండి తమను దూరం చేయడం ద్వారా ఆంగ్ల వ్లతిరేక చివరల కోసం ఇప్పుడు ఆంగ్ల భాషను ఉపయోగిస్తున్నారు. అందువల్ల, ఇంగ్లీష్ యొక్క “ఇంగ్లీష్-నెస్” లేదా “అమెరికన్-నెస్” పలుచన చేయబడుతున్నాయి. ఫలితంగా, ఇంగ్లీషు మాతృభాష మాట్లాడేవారు తమను తాము నష్ట్రోవచ్చు. స్థానికేతరుల మాట్లాడేవారి సంఖ్య పెరుగుతుంది, స్థానిక మాట్లాడేవారు అనుభవించే పోటీ ప్రయోజనం తగ్గుతుంది.

Glossary:

OU Degree 5th Sem English Study Material

OU Degree 5th Sem English – Ecology Poem Questions and Answers & Summary

Comprehension-I. (Short Answer Question)

Question 1.
What season does the ‘action’ of the poem take place?
Answer:
From the first stanza, we can understand that the action of the poem takes place in the ‘rainy season’.

Question 2.
How often do the “Red Champak trees” burst into flowers?
Answer:
The “Red Champak trees” burst into flowers every year.

Question 3.
What caused a “blinding migraine” to the poet’s mother?
Answer:
The poet’s mother has a severe attack of migraine-a very bad kind of headache. Her migraine is caused by the fragrance of the pollen of the flower of the Red Champak trees every time they are in bloom. The fragrance is heavy and suffocating as the yellow pollen spreads everywhere.

Question 4.
The poet says that the “walls had ears and eyes”. What does this mean?
Answer:
The fragrance is heavy and suffocating as the yellow pollen spreads everywhere. Even the doors of the speaker’s house cannot prevent the strong smell from entering the house. The walls of the house are able to absorb almost everything-the sounds, sights, human voices, the harsh sounds produced when new shoes are worn. But they cannot stop the fog of pollen dust from the Champak trees. Therefore, the poet says that the “walls had ecus and eyes”.

Question 5.
How did the Champak tree take birth in the house? How old is it?
Answer:
According to the poem, the poet’s mother says that the Red Champak tree took their birth by the droppings of a passing bird by chance. It means that its seed was seeded by a passing bird’s providential droppings, i.e. a bird (which is a sign of good omen) dropped the seeds of those plants. She says that the tree is as old as she is.

Question 6.
How does the mother try to deal with her migraine?
Answer:
The poet’s mother tries to deal with her migraine with patience as the cold pack on her head and ‘flashing temper’ like her silver ornaments.

Question 7.
Why would the mother not let anyone cut the trees? What does this suggest?
Answer:
The mother would not let anyone cut the trees because she sees the positive side of the tree in her garden. She says that the tree is as old as her and had been fertilized by the droppings of a passing bird by chance which is considered to be a very good omen. Moreover, the tree provides basketful of flowers to be offered to her gods and to ‘her daughters and daughter’s daughters’ every year. This suggests that she has a kind of emotional attachment to the tree, saying that it is as old as her.

Question 8.
How widespread and powerful is the pollen?
Answer:
The yellow dust of pollen carried in the air is thick and heavy like fog. It covers the earth. No amount of wind can sweep the pollen fog away or ‘lift’ it from the house.

Question 9.
What does the tree give to the daughters and the cousins?
Answer:
According to the poem, the tree provides many basketful of flowers to be offered to her gods and to ‘her daughters and daughter’s daughters’ every year, although the tree would give a terrible migraine to one line of cousins as a legacy.

Question 10.
The entire poem, as you may have noticed, can be seen as a single sentence. Identify the connectors that hold the different parts of the sentence together.
Answer:
The entire poem, as you have noticed, can be seen as a single sentence. However, A.K. Ramanujan, the poet, skillfully maneuvers different connectors and punctuation marks to conclude the poem in one single line. The poem can be read either as a single sentence or in stanzas.

There is no rhyme scheme in the poem. The poet uses a number of literary devices in the poem like metaphor, personification, and simile to bring cohesion in the poem.

Comprehension II. (Essay Type Question)

Question 1.
Attempt a character sketch of the mother, as portrayed in the poem “Ecology”.
Answer:
Attipat Krishnaswami Ramanujan (AK Ramanujan) is an Indo-Anglican writer. His literary work represents the Indian culture and tradition. His poem ‘Ecology’ is a mix of the Indian tradition and modernity. The poem highlights the relationship between human beings and nature. It stresses the need for protecting our ecology and environment.

She has a kind of emotional attachment to the tree, saying that it is as old as she is. The speaker’s mother is the centre of the poem. Her attitude towards nature represents the traditional attitude of the Indians towards nature. She suffers from a severe migraine due to the pollen from the Champak trees in their backyard. Every year the tress blossoms at the beginning of the rainy season. The speaker wants to protect his mother from the Champak trees.

He is angry and wants to cut the trees. However the mother strongly opposes his move and is ready to suffer. She argues that the trees give her flowers for offering to God. She thinks about her daughters and granddaughters find happiness in the beautiful flowers.

She loves the Champak trees which are as old as she is. She feels as a part of her family. As she says that the trees are sown by a bird’s providential droppings. The speaker’s mother is sentimental towards the trees and finds happiness among trees in nature. She represents the Indians’ attitude towards Nature.

The Champak trees are a cause of happiness and joy for the mother. But they are the reason for the speaker’s rage, as their pollen causes severe migraine to his mother. The trees are red in colour. They blossom at the beginning of every rainy season.

Their yellow pollen causes severe migraine to the mother. The speaker loves his mother very much. He worries about his mother’s health. He becomes angry and wants to cut down the trees to protect his mother. The mother is sentimental towards the trees. The son has great affection for his mother. Their attitudes are contrary to each other. Here lies irony in the poem.

Question 2.
Describe the Champak trees and their effect on the people and the place.
Answer:
In AK Ramanujan’s poem ‘Ecology’, the “Red Champak trees” play an important role since they have strong effect on the people and the place. They represent the Mother Nature and have influenced the entire family and their relationship.

In the beginning of rainy season, the Red Champak trees burst into flowers. The speaker’s mother suffers from a severe migraine due to the yellow pollen from the Champak trees in their backyard. The speaker becomes furious at the trees and wants to protect his mother from the Champak trees. He is so angry that he wants to cut down the trees.

However, the mother strongly opposes his move and is ready to suffer. The Champak trees are a cause of happiness and joy for the mother. She argues that the trees give her flowers for offering to God. She thinks about her daughters and granddaughters find happiness in the beautiful flowers.

She loves the Champak trees which are as old as she is. She feels as a part of her family. As she says that the trees are sown by a bird’s providential droppings. The speaker’s mother is sentimental towards the trees and finds happiness among trees in nature. She represents the Indians’ attitude towards Nature.

The Champak trees are a cause of happiness and joy for the mother. However, they are the reason for the speaker’s rage, as their pollen causes severe migraine to his mother. The speaker loves his mother very much. He worries about his mother’s health. He becomes angry and wants to cut down the trees to protect his mother. The mother is sentimental towards the trees. The son has great affection for his mother. Their attitudes are contrary to each other. Here lies irony in the poem.

Question 3.
Compare and contrast the attitudes of the speaker and the mother towards the Champak trees.
Answer:
Attipat Krishnaswami Ramanujan (AK Ramanujan) is an Indo-Anglican writer. His literary work represents the Indian culture and tradition. His poem ‘Ecology’ is a mix of the Indian tradition and modernity. The poem highlights the relationship between human beings and nature. If stresses the need for protecting our ecology and environment. The poem depicts the contrastive attitudes of two kinds of people towards the Champak tree and Mother Nature.

The mother loves the trees, though they cause her pain and suffering. The mother feels that the trees are the members of the family. She loves the Champak trees which are as old cis she is. She feels as a part of her family. As she says that the trees are sown by a bird’s providential droppings and they are considered a sign of good omen. She argues that the trees give her flowers for offering to God.

She thinks about her daughters and granddaughters find happiness in the beautiful flowers. She has a kind of emotional attachment to the tree, saying that it is as old as she is. She is sentimental and represents the Indian tradition. In the contrast, the speaker of the poem (her son) becomes furious at the trees and wants to protect his mother from the Champak trees.

He is so angry that he wants to cut down the trees. He is indifferent to ecology and represents modernity. He wants to cut down the trees for their inconvenience to his mother. The poem sensitizes the readers towards the need to protect ecology by depicting the contrasting attitudes of the people from two different generations.

Question 4.
Explain how Ramanujan humanises the issue of ecology in the poem.
Answer:
Tennyson called his present poem “The Flower” as “My Little Fable”. The central idea of the poem is about the way people react to the new ideas and things. Here the poem explains how people react to the growth of a ‘flower’. The narrator sows a ‘seed’ and it sprouts a ‘flower’. But people call it a ‘weed.’ They criticise and curse the narrator as well as the flower with ‘muttering discontent’.

When the flower grows tall and attractive, the same people are also curious. And they start appropriating it as a ‘splendid flower’. As the time progresses, the new is adopted widely and assimilated into the old. Gradually, it loses it novelty aind becomes commonplace. Once again, people lose interest in it and abandon it as useless. Finally the same people call the flower ‘weed’.

The speaker of the poem says that the meaning of clear and uncomplicated. He says:
Read my little fable.
He that runs may read.

However, the poem is not clear in its meaning and complicated one. It throws up multiple interpretations. The flower in the poem is interpreted in different ways; as the Industrial Revolution, Christianity or Tennyson’s own poetry.

In Tennyson’s days, it was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. However, Tennyson suggested that the poem be read as a “universal apologue and parable”. The narrator reflects while everyone may see things differently, they should avoid jumping to conclusions on their opinions of things.

Question 5.
Give an account of the house and its occupants as described in the poem.
Answer:
In his poem, ‘Ecology’, A.K. Ramanujan provides a detailed account of the house and its occupants. In turn he humanizes the issue of ecology in the poem. The poem speaks about a house and its occupants. There are three red Champak trees in the backyards of the house. The mother feels that the trees are the members of the family.

‘The black-pillared house whose walls had ears and eyes.’ It had holes and cracks. The walls of the house are able to absorb almost everything-the sounds, sights, the human voices, the harsh sounds produced when new shoes are worn. But they cannot stop the fog of pollen dust from the Champak trees.

The poem depicts the contrastive attitudes of two kinds of people-mother and her son. The mother loves the trees, though they cause her pain and suffering. She is sentimental and represents the Indian tradition. Her son is indifferent to ecology and represents modernity.

He wants to cut down the trees for their inconvenience to his mother. The poem sensitizes the readers towards the need to protect ecology. The speaker, his mother, the daughters and the grand daughters are the occupants of the house. All of them, except the speaker (the son), enjoy the flowers from the trees.

Question 6.
Discuss the tone and the use of irony in “Ecology”.
Answer:
Attipat Krishnaswami Ramanujan (AK Ramanujan) is an Indo-Anglican writer. His literary work represents the Indian culture and tradition. His poem ‘Ecology’ is a mix of the Indian tradition and modernity. The poem highlights the relationship between human beings and nature. In the poem “Ecology” Ramanujan employs an empathetic tone towards nature. Irony plays an important role in the poem. It depicts the traditional and sentimental attitude of an Indian mother towards ecology.

The speaker’s mother has a kind of emotional attachment to the tree, saying that it is as old as she is. She suffers from a severe migraine due to the pollen from the Champak trees in their backyard. Every year the tress blossoms at the beginning of the rainy season. The speaker wants to protect his mother from the Champak trees. He is angry and wants to if the trees. However the mother strongly opposes his move and is ready to suffer. She argues that the trees give her flowers for offering to God.

She thinks about her daughters and granddaughters find happiness in the beautiful flowers. She loves the Champak trees which are as old as she is. She feels as a part of her family. As she says that the trees are sown by a bird’s providential droppings. The speaker’s mother is sentimental towards the trees and finds happiness among trees in nature. She represents the Indians’ attitude towards Nature.

In the contrast, the speaker represents modernism. His rage towards the Champak trees comes from his affection for his mother. The Champak trees are a cause of happiness and joy for the mother. But they are the reason for the speaker’s rage, as their pollen causes severe migraine to his mother. The speaker loves his mother very much.

He worries about his mother’s health. He becomes angry and wants to cut down the trees to protect his mother. The mother is sentimental towards the trees. The son has great affection for his mother. Their attitudes are contrary to each other. Here lies irony in the poem.

Ecology Poem Summary in English

AK. Ramanujan (1929-93) Is the first contemporary Indian English poet to have achieved a remarkable breakthrough in cross-fertilizing English with native literary traditions. AK Ramanujan was a poet, translator, folklorist, and philologist. He was born in Mysore. India and earned degrees at the University of Mysore and Deccan College in Pune and a Ph.D. from Indiana University. Ramanujan wrote in both English and Kannada, and his poetry is known for its thematic and formal engagement with modernist transnationalism.

As a scholar Ramanujan contributed to a range of disciplines, including linguistics and cultural studies. Issues such as hybridity and transculturation figure prominently in such collections as The Striders (1966), Selected Poems (1976), and Second Sight (1986). The Collected Poems of A.K Ramanujan (1995) received a SahltyaAkademi Award after the author’s death.

For much of his career, Ramanujan taught at the University of Chicago, where he helped develop the South Asian studies program. In 1976, the Indian government honored him with the title Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award in the country. Ramanujan’s other honors induded a MacArthur Fellowship. The South Asia Council of the Association for Asian Studies awards the A.K Ramanujan Book Prize for Translation in honor of his contributions to the field.

The present poem, ‘Ecology’ is taken from Rarnanujan’s third volume of poems, ‘Second Sight (1986). The speaker in the poem, a devoted son to his mother, is very angry because his mother has a severe attack of migraine; a very bad kind of headache, which is caused by the fragrance of the pollen of the flower of the Red Champak trees every time they are in bloom. The fragrance is heavy and suffocating as the yellow pollen spreads everywhere.

Even the doors of the speaker’s house cannot prevent the strong smell from entering the house. The walls of the house are able to absorb almost everything-the sounds, sights, the human voices, the harsh sounds produced when new shoes are worn. However, they cannot stop the fog of pollen dust from the Champak trees to enter the house.

Therefore, the speaker decides to cut down the trees. However, he is prevented from doing so by his mother who sees the positive side of the tree in her garden. She says that the tree is as old as her and had been seeded by the droppings of a passing bird by chance which is considered to be a very good omen.

She also says that the trees provide basketful of flowers to be offered to her gods and to ‘her daughters and daughter’s daughters every year, although the tree would give a terrible migraine to one line of cousins as a legacy. The yellow dust of pollen is carried in the air which is thick and heavy like covering the earth.

This poem portrays AK Ramanujan’s strong Interest in the family as a very important theme of his poetic craft. His memories of the past would inevitably bring pictures of his family, especially his mother who is self-sacrificing. The sense of irony is indicated when the mother very angrily protests the idea of cuffing down the tree even though she Is suffering badly from the migraine caused by it. She has a kind of emotional attachment to the tree, saying that it is as old as her.

Ecology is a poem which could be read as one single sentence. However, each stanza has one particular idea. There is a casual connection between the ideas and they flow from one stanza to the next, ‘Flash her temper’; an instance of the use of Irony because she is very angry at the idea of having the tree cut down.

Ecology Poem Summary in Telugu

ఎ.క. రామానుజన్ (1929-93) స్థానిక సాహిత్య సంప్రదాయాలతో ఆంగ్లంలో క్రాస్ ఫలదీకరణం చేయడంలో విశేషమైన పరోగతిని సాధించిన మొదటి సమకాలీన భారతీయ ఆంగ్ల కవి. ఎకె రామానుజన్ కవి, అనువాదకుడు, జానపద రచయిత మరియు భాషా శాస్త్రవేత్త. అతను భారతదేశంలోని మైసూర్లో జన్మించాడు మరియు మైసూర్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం మరియు పూణేలోని దక్కన్ కళాశాలలో డిగ్రీలు మరియు Ph.D. ఇండియానా విశ్వవిద్యాలయం నుండి.

రామానుజన్ ఇంగ్లీష్ మరియు కన్నడ రెండిందిలోనూ ప్రాసారు, మరియు అతని కవిత్వం ఆధునికవాద దేశీయతతో నేపథ్య మరియు అధికారిక నిశ్చితార్థానికి ప్రసిద్ధి చెందింది. పండితుడిగా, రామానుజన్ భాషాశాస్తం మరియు సాంస్కృతిక అధ్యయనాలతో సహా అనేక విభాగాలకు సహకరించారు. సంకలనం మరియు సంస్తతీకరణ వంది సమస్యలు ది స్రైర్స్ (1966), ఎంపిక చేసిన కవితలు (1976) మరియు సెకండ్ సైట్ (1986) వంది సేకరణలలో ప్రముఖంగా ఉన్నాయి.

కవితలు రచయిత మరణం తరువాత రామానుజన్ (1995) సాహిత్య అకాడెమీ అవార్డును అందుకున్నారు. అతని కరరీర్లో ఎక్కువ భాగం, రామానుజన్ చికాగో విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో దోధించారు, అక్కడ అతను దక్షిణాసియా అధ్యయన కార్యకక్రమాన్ని అభివృధ్ధి చేయడంలో సహాయపడ్డాడు.

1976 లో, భారత ప్రభుత్వం దేశంలో నాలుగో అత్యున్నత పౌర పురస్కారమైన పద్మశరీ బిరుదుతో సత్కరించింది. రామానుజన్ యొక్క ఇతర గౌరవాలలో మాక్ ఆర్థర్ ఫెలోషిప్ కూడా ఉంది. దక్షిణాసియా కౌన్సిల్ ఆఫ్ ది అసోసియేషన్ ఫర్ ఏషియన్ స్ట్రీస్ అవార్డులు. ఈ రంగంలో ఆయన చేసిన కృషికి గౌరవార్ధం అనువాదానికి ఎ.కె.రామానుజన్ పుస్తక బహుమతి.

ప్రస్తుత కవిత, ‘ఏకాలజీ’ రామానుజన్ మూడవ కవితా సంపుది, ‘సెకండ్ సైట్ (1986) నుండి తీసుకోబడింది. తన తల్లికి అంకితభావంతో ఉన్న కుమారుడు థోపాయిమ్లోని స్పీకర్ చాలా కోపంగా ఉన్నాడు ఎందుకంటే అతని తల్లికి మైగ్రేన్ छీవ్రమైన దాడి ఉంద్ష్మి ఎర్రటి చంపక్ చెట్ల పువ్వు యొక్క పుప్పొడి వాసన వలన అవి వికసించిన ప్రతిసారీ చాలా తీ|వ్రమైన తలనొప్పి.

పసుపు పుప్పొడి ప్రతిచోటా వ్యాపించడంతో సువాసన భరీీగా మరియు ఉక్కిరిబిక్కిరి చేస్తుంది. స్పీకర్ ఇంటి తలుపలు కూడా తీవ్రమైన వాసన ఇంట్లోకి రాకుండా నిరోధించలేవు. ఇంటి గోడలు దాదాపు అన్నింటినీ గ్రహించగలవు-శట్దాలు, దృశ్యాలు, మానవ గాత్రాలు, కొత్త బూట్లు ధరించినప్పుడు ఉత్పన్నమయ్యే కఠినమైన శబ్దాలు. అయినప్పదికీ, చంపక్ చెట్ల నుండి పుప్పొడి ధూళి పొగమంచును వారు ఇంట్లోకి ప్రవేశించకుండా ఆపలేరు.

అందువల్ల, స్పీకర్ చెట్లను నరికివేయాలని నిర్ణయించుకున్నాడు. ఏదేమైనా, అతని తోటలో చెట్టు యొక్క సానుకూల వైపు చూసిన అతని తల్లి అతనిని అలా చేయకుండా నిరోధిస్తుంది. ఆ చెట్టు తనలాగే పాతదని, అదృష్టవశాత్తూ ప్రయాణిస్తున్న పక్షి రెట్టల ద్వారా విత్తనాలు వేయబడిందని ఆమె చెప్పింది, ఇది చాలా మంచి శకునంగా పరిగణించబడుతుంది.

చెట్లు తన దేవతలకు మరియు ప్రతి సంవత్సరం ‘తన కుమార్తెలు మరియు కుమార్తెల కుమార్తెలకు’ అందించే బుట్టల పువ్వులను అందిస్తాయని కూడా ఆమె చెప్పింది, అయితే ఒక చెట్టు వారసత్వంగా ఒక వరుస బంధువులకు భయంకరమైన మైగ్రేన్ ఇస్తుంది. పుప్పొడి యొక్క పసుపు ధూళి గాలిలో మోయబడుతుంది, ఇది భూమిని కప్పేలా మందంగా మరియు భారీగా ఉంటుంది.

ఈ కవిత కుటుంబంలో ఎకె రామానుజన్ యొక్క బలమైన ఆసక్తిని తన కవితా నైపుణ్యానికి చాలా ముఖ్యమైన అంశంగా వర్ణిస్తుంది. అతని గత జ్ఞాపకాలు తప్పనిసరిగా అతని కుటుంబం, ముఖ్యంగా ఆత్మత్యాగం చేసే తల్లి చిత్రాలను తెస్తాయి. వృక్షాన్ని నరికివేయాలనే ఆలోచనను తల్లి చాలా కోపంతో నిరసించినప్పుడు, దాని వలన మైగ్రేన్ కారణంగా ఆమె తీీర్రంగా బాధపడుతున్నప్పదికీ వ్యంగ్య భావం సూచించబడింది.

ఆమె చెట్టుతో ఒక రకమైన భావోద్వేగ అనుబంధాన్ని కలిగి ఉంది, అది ఆమెతో సమానమైనదని చెప్పింది. ఎకాలజీ అనేది ఒక వాక్యం వలె చదవగలిగే పద్యం. అయితే, ప్రతి చరణానికి ఒక నిర్దిష్ట ఆలోచన ఉంటుంది. ఆలోచనల మధ్య సాధారణం కనెక్షన్ ఉంది మరియు అవి ఒక చరణం నుండి మరొక చరణానికి ప్రవహిస్తాయి. ‘ఆమె కోపాన్ని ఫ్లాష్ చేయండి వృక్షాన్ని నరికివేయాలనే ఆలోచనతో ఆమె చాలా కోపంగా ఉన్నందున వ్యంగ్యం యొక్క ఉదాహరణ.

Ecology – A.K. Ramanujan

The day after the first rain,
for years, I would come home
in a rage,

for I could see from a mile away
our three Red Champak trees
had done it again,

had burst into flowers and given Mother
her first blinding migraine
of the season

with their street-long heavy-hung
yellow pollen fog of a fragrance
no wind could sift,

no door could shut out from our black-
pillared house whose walls had ears
and eyes

scales, smells, bone-creaks, nightly
visiting voices, and were porous
like us,

yellow pollen fog of a fragrance
no wind could sift,
no door could shut out from our black
pillared house whose walls had ears
and eyes,

scales, smells, bone-creaks, nightly
visiting voices, and were porous
like us,

but Mother, flashing her temper
like her mother’s twisted silver,
grand children’s knickers

wet as the cold pack on her head,
would not let us cut down
a flowing tree

almost as old as she, seeded,
she said, by a passing bird’s
providential droppings

to give her gods and her daughters
and daughters’ daughters basketfuls
of annual flower

and for one line of cousins
a dower of migraines in season.

Glossary:

OU Degree 5th Sem English Study Material

OU Degree 4th Sem English Unit 6 Vocabulary, Grammar

Exercise 1:

Fill in the blanks with the correct option.

1. To make an “informed” choice, is to make a ________ choice. (wise/neutral)
2: The company wants to assess the ________ of age, income, etc. of their customer base. (democracy/demographics)
3. The company’s is to provide high quality educational services. (machine/mission)
4. A ‘white paper’ is an ________ document. (authoritative/authentic)
5. ________ is the supply of goods a company has for sale. (Inversion? Inventory)
6. When something is “on someone’s radar”, it means that the person is ________ (a pilot? aware of something)
7. To ‘hammer out’ a deal is to ________ a deal. (reach/come across)
8. To accept the first offer is to accept the ________ (initiai bid/first bidding)
9. If the talks are at a ‘stand still’, it means that there is ________. (no danger/no progress)
10. If you take ‘ownership’ of a task, it means you are________. (responsible for it/at risk)
11. In corporate jargon ________, means “things that have to be done”. (action items/act items)
12. If you pay ________, it means you pay in advance. (at the front/upfront)
13. If everyone is ________ , it means that they all agree to a proposal. (on the board/on board)
14. To “get the ball ________ is to start something. (going/rolling)
15. A ________ is one who supplies the goods. (vendor/vandal)
Answers:
1. To make an “informed” choice, is to make a wise choice.
2. The company wants to assess the demographics of age, income, etc. of their customer base.
3. The company’s mission is to provide high quality educational services.
4. A ‘white paper’ is an authoritative document.
5. Inventory is the supply of goods a company has for sale.
6. When something is “on someone’s radar”, it means that the person is aware of something.
7. To ‘hammer out’ a deal is to reach a deal.
8. To accept the first offer is to accept the initial bid.
9. If the talks are at a ‘stand still’, it means that there is no progress.
10. If you take ‘ownership’ of a task, it means you are responsible for It.
11. In corporate jargon, action items means “things that have to be done”.
12. If you pay upfront it means you pay in advance.
13. If everyone is on board it means that they all agree to a proposal.
14. To “get the ball rolling is to start something.
15. A vendor is one who supplies the goods.

Exercise II:

Match the words in the box with their meanings below.

a. Flier
b. Sitcom
c. Advert
d. Editorial
e. TaLk-show
f. Column
g. Paparazzi
h. Soap opera
i. Phone-in
j. Network
k. Propaganda
I. Talking heads
m. Trial balloons
n. Yellow journalism
o. Investigative journalism

1. A group of associated television or radio channels —————-
2. A photographer who follows celebrities in order to photograph them and sell the pictures to newspapers or magazines —————-
3. The term used to describe sensational news reporting —————-
4. A radio or television programme where listeners or viewers telephone the studio and participate in the programme —————-
5. A recurring piece or article in a newspaper or magazine —————-
6. The use of detective-like reporting methods to unearth scandals —————-
7. A serial television or radio drama dealing with daily events in the lives of the same group of characters —————-
8. A shot of a person’s face talking directly to the camera —————-
9. A television or radio programme in which stars and celebrities are invited to talk informally about various topics —————
10. An article presenting the opinion of the editors or publishers —————
11. Comedy programme based on everyday experiences —————
12. Commercial promotion of a product or service —————
13. Information leaked to determine what the political reaction will be —————
14. Small printed notice or advertisement —————
15. The dissemination of information aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviours of large numbers of people —————
Answer:
1. A group of associated television or radio channels. (Network)
2. A photographer who follows celebrities in order to photograph them and sell the pictures to newspapers or magazines. (Paparazzi)
3. The term used to describe sensational news reporting. (Yellow journalism)
4. A radio or television programme where listeners or viewers telephone the studio and participate in the programme. (Phone-In)
5. A recurring piece or article in a newspaper or magazine. (Column)
6. The use of detective-like reporting methods to unearth scandals. (Investigative journalism)
7. A serial television or radio drama dealing with daily events in the lives of the same group of characters. (Soap opera)
8. A shot of a person’s face talking directly to the camera. (Talking heads)
9. A television or radio programme in which stars and celebrities are invited to talk informally about various topics. (Talk-show)
10. An article presenting the opinion of the editors or publishers. (Editorial)
11. Comedy programme based on everyday experiences. (Sitcom)
12. Commercial promotion of a product or service. (Advert)
13. Information leaked to determine what the political reaction will be. (Thai Balloons)
14. Small printed notice or advertisement, (Flier)
15. The dissemination of information aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviours of large numbers of people. (Propaganda)

Grammer – Reported Speech (Including Reporting Verbs)

Exercise 1:

Fill in the blanks with say, said, tell or told.

1. She _____ them she wanted to resign.
2. The principal _____ us to participate in inter-collegiate sport competitions.
3. You don’t need to ____ us that.
4. He didn’t _____ a word.
5. I remember every word you _____ yesterday.
6. Why didn’t you _____ her that in the morning?
7. My friend ____ that he had completed his project report.
8. She called me last night and _____. “Dont worry. I will manage on my own”.
9. The girl _____ that she could speak Japanese fluently.
10. She ____ she had already seen the film.
Answers:
1. She told them she wanted to resign.
2. The principal told to us to participate in inter-collegiate sport competitions.
3. You don’t need to Tell us that.
4. He didn’t say a word.
5. I remember every word you _____ yesterday. (Said)
6. Why didn’t you her that in the morning? (Tell)
7. My friend ____ that he had completed his project report. (Said)
8. She called me last night and _____ “Don’t worry. I will manage on my own”. (Said)
9. The girl _____ that she could speak Japanese fluently. (Said)
10. She ____ she had already seen the film. (Said)

Exercise II.

Correct the following sentences:

1. The traffic police said me I couldn’t park my two-wheeler there.
2. He to he was AishwaryaRai’s husband.
3. He says he was sure that justice will be done,
4. The doctor advised me take bed rest and eat nutritious food.
5. They wanted to know what was my name?
6. He told me to come back tomorrow.
7. She said she was asked to come here.
8. 1 wondered whether he can help me.
9. My cousin said him that he should go out.
10. He said he had bought the bicycle 10 years ago.
Answers:
1. The traffic police told me I couldn’t park my two-wheeler there.
2. He said he was Aishwarya Rai’s husband.
3. He said he was sure that justice will be done.
4. The doctor advised me to take bed rest and eat nutritious food.
5. They wanted to know what my name was.
6. He told me to come back the next day.
7. She said she was asked to come there.
8. I wondered whether he could help me
9. My cousin told him that he should go out.
10. He said he had bought the bicycle 10 years before.

Exercise III:

Change the following sentences from direct to reported speech.

Pay attention to pronouns, tenses and time/place markers. Use suitable reporting verbs.
1. They said, “Dogs were fun to play with.”
2. She said, “Do you live near the school?”
3. The guest said, “I don’t like sugar in my coffee.”
4. Elisa said to me, “How old are you?”
5. She said to him, “When will you be back in your office?”
6. The boss said to the secretary, “Don’t forget to order AS-size paper.”
7. My friend said to me, “I am meeting my project head tomorrow.”
8. They said, “We were planning to visit you next week.”
9. He said, “Please help me lift these bags.”
10. The watchman said to us, “Don’t play cricket in the garden.”
Answers
1. They said that dogs are fun to play with.
2. She asked me if I lived near the school.
3. The guest said she didn’t like sugar in her coffee,
4. Elisa asked me how old I was.
5. She asked him when he would be back in his office.
6. The boss reminded the secretary not to forget to order AS-size paper.
7. My friend informed me she was meeting her project head the next day.
8. They told us that they were planning to visit us the week after.
9. He requested me to help him lift those bags.
10. The watchman warned us not to play cricket in the garden.

Exercise IV:

Now report the Interview In Indirect speech. Pay attention to tense, pronoun, and time/place markers. Use different reporting verbs wherever possible.

1. The interviewer congratulated the winner and asked him how he felt. The interviewer also asked him how long had been singing.
2. The winner thanked the interviewer and replied that _________
3. Next, the interviewer asked him _________
4. The winner _________
5. Next, the interviewer_________
6. The winner _________
7. The interviewer _________
8. The winner _________
9. The interviewer _________
10. The winner _________
11. Finally, the interviewer _________
12. And the winner advised _________
Answers:
1. The interviewer congratulated the winner and asked him how he felt. The interviewer also asked him how long he had been singing.
2. The winner thanked the interviewer and replied that he felt elated. He added that he had started singing when he was five.
3. Next, the interviewer asked him what the secret behind his success was.
4. The winner emphasised that it was hard work. He was there that day because of his hard work and perseverance.
5. Next, the interviewer enquired how it was recelvin the trophy from India’s most popular cricketer.
6. The winner answered it had been a dream-come-true to receive the trophy from his cricket idol.
7. The interviewer asked how it had felt to perform In front of other celebrities.
8. The winner replied that It was amazing. He added that all of them had complimented him on his singing.
9. The interviewer then asked what his future plans were.
10. The winner said that It was just the beginning and added that he wished to achieve a lot more.
11. Finally, the interviewer asked if he had any message for young people.
12. And the winner advised the young to work hard, to stay focused and to aim to excel in the field you choose and was confident that success was bound to chase them.

Exercise V.

Ask questions and write a report as directed.

Think of 10 questions to ask a friend, classmate, cousin, roommate, teacher, leader, etc. Ask questions and get answers from them. Then, write a report of the interview using reported speech. Use a separate sentence to report each question and answer. Bear in mind the use of pronouns, tenses, place and time markers and suitable reporting verbs while changing the sentences to reported speech.

Example:

Questions	Answers
What are you studying? What is your “favourite colour?	I am studying Fine Arts. I like black.

Written report using reported speech:
Shalu asked his friend Sam what he was studying. Sam replied that he was studying Fine Arts. Then Shalu asked him what his favourite colour was. Sam said he liked black.
Answer:

	Questions		Answers
1.	What are you doing?	1.	l am going to music classes.
2.	What type of music classes are you going to?	2.	I am going for Hindustani classical.
3.	How long will it take to complete your course?	3.	It will take two more years,
4.	What are your plans after the course?	4.	I want to become a good singer, preferably a back-ground singer of films.
5.	Why do you want to become a singer in films?	5.	I want to earn a lot of money,
6.	Do you have any interest in acting?	6.	No, I don’t have any interest in acting.
7.	Are you interested in directing	7.	No, I am not interested in directing films.
8.	Do you like to sing for Telugu films?	8.	No, I prefer to sing for Hindi films.
9.	Why do you like to sing for Hindi films? I will get a	9.	I like to sing for Hindi films because bettter remuneration.
10.	So, are you interested in money?	10.	Yes, I am interested only in money because money makes everything.

Written Report Using Reported Speech

Rahul asked his friend Rakesh what, he was doing now-a-days. Rakesh replied that he was going for Hindustani classical music classes. Rahul then asked Rakesh when he would complete his course. Rakesh told that his course of music would take two more years to complete. Rahul, then enquired Rakesh what was his plans after the course. Rakesh replied that he wanted to be a good singer of films, preferably a background singer of films. Rahul again questioned Rakesh why he wanted to be a singer in films.

Rakesh replied that he wanted to earn a lot of money. Rahul again asked whether he had any interest in acting. Rakesh answered negatively and said he was not interested in acting. Rahul also asked him whether he was interested in directing films to which Rakesh replied that he was not interested in directing films. Rahul then asked Rakesh whether he was singing for Telugu films.

Again, Rakesh replied negatively and said that he was interested in singing for Hindi film’s. Rahul asked Rakesh why he was interested in singing for Hindi films. Rakesh told Rahul that he was interested to sing for Hindi films because he would get a better remuneration. Rahul then asked Rakesh whether he was interested only in money. Rakesh said that he was interested in money only. According to Rakesh, money makes everything.

OU Degree 4th Sem English Study Material

Osmania University Degree 3rd Year 6th Sem English Study Material

Unit 4

• Television Poem by Roald Dahl
• The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination by JK Rowling
• Unit 4 Vocabulary, Grammar

Unit 5

• Accomplishments Poem by Elizabeth Ralph Mertz
• Third Suggestion by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
• Unit 5 Vocabulary, Grammar

Unit 6

• CV Writing
• Unit 6 Vocabulary, Grammar

OU Degree 4th Sem English Business & Media Report Writing

Business Reports

Exercise I.

Question 1.
Describe the structure of a formal business report.
Answer:
A business report is a formal statement of facts written for a specific audience to meet specific needs. It is an account given of a particular matter, especially in the form of an official document, after a thorough investigation or consideration by an appointed person or body.

Basic principles of a good Report

• A formal statement of facts
• Should be conventional in nature
• Should meet the needs of a specific audience
• Should include analysis and interpretation of data and the procedure for the collection of data
• Should contain conclusions reached by the writer based on the data or facts observed
• May include suggestions and recommendations, when required.

Need of writing Reports

• Reports play a key role in an organization.
• An engineer, a business executive or a government official spends a large amount of time in writing reports.
• Governments and business organizations take decisions based on the information presented or recommendations made in reports.

Reports Types
Written Reports (Formal)

Feasibility Reports, Progress / Performance Reports, Evaluation/Appraisal Reports, Inventory Reports, Inspection Reports, Lab Reports, Media Reports, Survey Report, FI.R. Reports, Project Reports, etc.
Oral Reports (Informal)

Structure of a formal business report
A formal report generally has three Sections

Section I: Front Part:

1. Title Page

• Contains the title of the report,
• The report number
• The organization’s name
• The name of addressee
• The name of the report writer
• The date of submission

2. Preface (optional): the salient features of the report
3. Terms of Reference (ToR): For example,

• The committee was constituted by the so and so authority to look into the…
• The committee was entrusted with task of finding…. and report on

4. Letter of Transmittal: a brief Cover Letter-the purpose/objectives or highlights.
5. Acknowledgments
6. Table of Contents/ Content List: lists of headings and subheadings with page numbers.
7. List of Illustrations: tables, graphs, charts or figures with page numbers.
8. Abstract or Executive Summary: objectives, main findings, conclusions and recommendations overall summary-essential information.

Section II: Main Body

1. Introduction: providing background information-why, what, how, for whom you are writing.

2. Methodology / Procedure: the methods of data collection/ methods of investigation.

• Primary source & Secondary Source
• Records of the organization, reference to books, directories, standard publications
• Field Visits, personal inspections, observation
• Experimentation
• Case studies
• Personally Interviewing, getting questionnaires filled in, informal talks with randomly selected persons concerned.

3. Discussion/ Body of the Report: the main part of the report- follow the structure of the Table of Content/Contents List

• Discusses the problem at length
• Precise information, what you have discovered
• Presents analysis and interpretation of the data/facts observed
• Mainly factual NOT based on your opinions
• Tables, charts, bullated lists used to make it clearer

4. Conclusions: Here you can give your opinions on facts/information

5. Recommendations:

• Suggestions, remedies or ways to solve the problem/ improve the situation
• Should be based on the conclusions.

Section III: Back Part

1. References: list of sources referred to or used
2. Appendices: questionnaires, enclosures, graphs, etc.

• for detailed information
• With cross reference to them in the body of the report

3. Questionnaire:
4. Bibliography: List of publications/books you have referred to

Language Bank of a Report
i. Should be formal language NOT informal
ii. Stating Objectives:

• The purpose! aim/’objective of this report is to …
• This report aims to
• This report presents! gives information on…

iii. Passive Voice: For instance,

• Consumer’s choices were observed during the period of investigation.
• Three meetings were held with members of the organization.
• A structured questionnaire was administered to the respondents!consumers.
• The responses thus obtained are given in the form of …pie diagrams/graphs/ tree diagrams
• On the basis of the observations of this survey, it is concluded that….
• The survey was conducted on
• From the tree diagram, it is established that…

iv. Headings and Subheadings should be short: – grammatically – noun phrase consisting of less than three or four words E.g.: Increase in Market Cost, Non-availability of Raw Material

v. Use of Comparison of Adjectives: For instance,

• The age group of 15-35 years is more inclined to spend their time with smartphones 15-35 the age group of 45-65 years.
• The present rate of inflation growth is higher than that of the corresponding period last year.

vi. Recommendations may be numbered and must be in the same grammatical form.

• E.g. The committee makes the following recommendations:
• The survey team recommends the following steps:
• The following steps/measures are recommended:

vii. Outlining Research:

• E.g. We asked the. ..to
• We have conducted the research by asking a group of…
• We examined/ looked are researched… the problems/the issues
• We compared A and B
• The sample group was made up of…

viii. Presenting the Findings: We found that, on the whole,….

• E.g. According to the majority of respondents
• Overall, people preferred…
• 65% of those surveyed said that…

ix. Giving Conclusions:

• E.g. In conclusion….
• The research shows/demonstrates that…
• From the evidence/ research we conclude that…

Question 2.
Describe the process of writing a feasibility report.
Answer:
Sample Feasibility Report

Title Page

Report No. XYZ
A Feasibility Report on Entering into Shampoo Production
Prepared for The Managing Director
Prepared by The Marketing Executive
Date:

Acknowledgments

• I thank all my colleagues for extending their support in the preparation of this report.
• I am also grateful to the respondents who answered my questions with patience.
• Last but not the least, I Finally, I also thank the Managing Director for giving me this opportunity to present this report.
• I am indebted to all the persons, irrespective of their cadre, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report.
• I fail in my duty, if I do not express my gratitude to the …

Table of Content

• Introduction
• Discussion/Description
• Conclusion
• Recommendations

List of Illustrations

Figure: Bar graph on the number of shampoos sold in four cities
Table: No. of respondents in five capital cities.

Feasibility Report: a Model

i. Introduction : In today’s busy life style, shampoos have become an essential commodity for many people in India. The earlier practice of applying soaked soap nuts or shikakayi during hair wash was a time-consuming process. Hence, the present generation has got used to shampoos. In addition, shampoos are available in different combinations and consumers have a choice to select a shampoo based on their hair condition.

ii. Discussion! Description : A survey was conducted on shampoo consumers in five states capitals. The different bands of shampoos available in these cities are Himalaya, Gamier, Sunsilk, Head and Shoulders, Nile, etc. The number of respondents from the five capital cities is as follows:

S.No.	Place	No. of Respondents
1	Hyderabad	200
2	Chennai	200
3	Bengaluru	100
4	New Delhi	300
5	Kolkata	200
	Total	1000

Methodology (Mode of collecting data)

A structured questionnaire was administered to the consumers randomly, and they were asked to answer the questions given in the questionnaire. The responses thus obtained are given in the form of pie diagrams:



From the pie chart, it is established that the consumption of shampoos that promise healthy growth of hair is higher. This chart shows the Nile shampoo occupies the first place, as it is helpful in making hair smooth and also controls the hair fall and dandruff to some extent. The cost of this shampoo is affordable, and it is available in various sizes.

iii. Conclusion
On the basis of the observations of its survey, it is concluded that though many shampoos are available in the market, there is still space for a new product and that this is the right time to get into shampoo production. As today’s generation is more conscious of hair fall, they are always ready to try new products. Though Nile Shampoo was rated number one in the survey, people were not satisfied in terms of its treatment of dandruff.

iv. Recommendations
Therefore, we should try to bring out a new product that prevents hair fall and fights dandruff, as this was found to be one of the main gaps in the existing market. As our company has already established itself in the production of hair oil, marking, sales and service, the budget required will not be a problem for us.

Appendix

Questionnaire:

1. Name of the city you are living in?
2. What shampoo are you using?
3. Why did you choose it?
4. What is the price of the shampoo you are using?
5. Is the price right for the product?
6. Are you satisfied with your shampoo?
7. Is there any additional quality you would want to see in your shampoo?
8. Would you try a new shampoo?
9. If yes, what kind of shampoo are you looking for and at what price?

Sample Covering Letter

The Marketing Executive Corporate Office,
Sales Department, Abids
Hyderabad-05

The Managing Director
Parachute Inc.
Mumbai – 01

Lr. No. _____________ date _____________
Sir/Madam, (Salutation)
Sub:
With reference to the subject cited, the feasibility report of is herewith being submitted to your kind consideration
With regards
Yours sincerely (Subscription)

Question 3.
Describe the structure of a progress report.
Answer:
Progress report is one which provides the details about the progress in the ongoing enterprise/product/activity/ any other work of business in nature. For example, the progress report is to be taken up, if an existing company is confident of competing with the other manufactures of the same product and of making a decent profit. Usually, the team observing the progress of a product prepares weekly, fortnightly or monthly reports for the management to take informed decisions.

Structure of a Progress Report
A typical progress report may have the following blueprint:

1. Introduction
The progress report usually begins with the Introduction including the aims of the projects, its venturing into the new field, capturing the market, earning profit, etc.

2. Body of the Report
What is happening to the sale of the product should be precisely described by including facts as these:

• When was the product introduced?
• When was it introduced?
• How is it doing? (Poor/Average/Good)
• Does the sales graph have ups and downs?

3. Conclusion
The progress report ends with indicating the future of the product in the market.

Blueprint of a Progress Report
Title Page

Report No. XYZ
A Progress Report on Construction of ABC Housing Project Prepared for
The Managing Director Prepared by
The Marketing Executive
Date: 05.10.2020

Acknowledgments

I thank all my colleagues for extending their support in the preparation of this report. I am also grateful to the respondents who answered my questions with patience. Last but not the least, / Finally, I also thank the Managing Director for giving me this opportunity to present this report. I am indebted to all the persons, irrespective of their cadre, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report.

Table of Content

• Introduction
• Discussion/Description
• Conclusions
• Recommendations

List of Illustrations

Figure: Bar Graph on the number of floors in each Block in the Housing Project.

Therefore it can be said that a progress report helps the management take stock of a given situation. It is on the basis of the progress report, informed choices are made and decisions are taken with regards to the production.

Question 4.
Describe the structure of an evaluation report.
Answer:
In business communication, an evaluation report plays an important role in decision making. It is a written document that describes how the product has been monitored and evaluated. It presents the findings, conclusions, and recommendations from a particular evaluation, including recommendations for how evaluation results can be used to guide the product improvement and decision making.

For example, imagine after introducing a particular product into the market and checking its progress through several progress reports, the company now wants to evaluate its product. The company assigns this task to one of its senior employees. A typical evaluation report has the structure presented below:

1. Introduction
Evaluation report begins with Introduction. In order to write the Introduction for an evaluation report, one should read the feasibility as well progress reports and summaries both the reports.

2. Discussion/Description
In order to write the description part of the evaluation report, the team should decide the criteria (parameters or expectations) and check whether their expectations are in line with the set criteria or not.

3. Conclusion
The conclusion of the evaluation report is important as it decides the fate of a product. Based on the reporter’s conclusion, the organization decides whether to continue or discontinue the product.

Blueprint of an Evaluation Report

Title Page

Report No. XYZ
An Evaluation Report on Construction of ABC Housing Project Prepared for The Managing Director, ABC Housing Project Prepared by The Marketing Executive, ABC Housing Project Date: 05.10.2020

Acknowledgements

• I thank all my colleagues for extending their support in the preparation of this report.
• I am also grateful to the respondents who answered my questions with patience.
• Finally, I also thank the Managing Director for giving me this opportunity to present this report.
• I am indebted to all the persons, irrespective of their cadre, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report.

Table of Content

• Introduction
• Discussion/Description
• Conclusions

List of Illustrations
Figure: A rectilinear graph of the sales of the Housing Project

Exercise II.

Question 1.
Write a feasibility Report on the establishment of a small scale industry in your locality.
Answer:
Title Page
Report No. XYZ
A Feasibility Report on Establishing Soup Production Industry near ABC Village Prepared for The Managing Director Prepared by The Marketing Executive
Date: 05.10.2020

Acknowledgements

• I thank all my colleagues for extending their support in the preparation of this report.
• I am also grateful to the respondents who answered my questions with patience.
• Last but not the least, / Finally, I also thank the Managing Director for giving me this opportunity to present this report.
• I am indebted to all the persons, irrespective of their cadre, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report.

Table of Content
i. Introduction
ii. Discussion/Description
iii. Methodology
iv. Conclusions
v. Recommendations

i. Introduction
Small-scale industries are very important segment in the industrial sector which can provide huge employment opportunities in our county, especially in the rural areas which semi-skilled and unskilled workers are available. In today’s busy life style, body soups have become an essential commodity for majority people in India.

The earlier practice of applying mud during hair wash was a time-consuming process. Hence, the present generation has got used to soaps of chemical and other aromatic fragrance. In addition, soups are available in different combinations and consumers have a choice to select a soup to suit their body skin condition.

ii. Discussion/ Description
In order to prepare a feasibility report to establish a small scale industry of soup making, a survey was conducted on soup consumers in five cities in the Telangana state. The different bands of soups available in these cities are Lux, Cinthol, Santoor, Lifebuoy, Pears, etc. The number of respondents from the five cities is as follows:

S.No.	Place	No. of Respondents
1	Hyderabad	200
2	Warangal	200
3	Karimnagar	200
4	Khammam	200
5	Mancherial	200
	Total	1000

iii. Methodology (Mode of collecting data)
A structured questionnaire was prepared and administered to the soup consumers randomly, and they were asked to answer the questions given in the questionnaire. The responses thus obtained are given in the form of pie diagrams: Lux, Cinthol, Santoor, Lifebuoy, Pears.

From the analysis of the data collected from the sample consumers presented in the pie charts, it is established that the consumption of soups that promise healthy and glowing skin is higher. This charts show the Santoor soup occupies the first place, as it is helpful in making skin smooth and also improves its health to some extent, The cost of this soup is affordable, and it is available in various sizes.

iv. Conclusion
On the basis of the observations of its survey, it is concluded that though many soups are available in the market, there is still space for a new product and that this is the right time to get into soup production. As today’s generation is more conscious of fair skin complexion, they are always ready to try new products. Though Santoor soup was rated number one in the survey, people were not satisfied in terms of its effectiveness in durability of skin protection.

v. Recommendations
Therefore, we should try to bring out a new product that provides an extended period of skin care, as this was found to be one of the main gaps in the existing market. Since in our locality is surrounded by a large swathes of forest area, the ingredients such as herbs and aromatic plants used in the herbal soups are available abundantly. Therefore it is feasible to establish a small scale industry of herbal soup production in our locality.

Appendix

Questionnaire

1. Name of the city you are living in?
2. What soup are you using?
3. Why did you choose it?
4. What is the price of the soup you are using?
5. Is the price right for the product?
6. Are you satisfied with your soup?
7. Is there any additional quality you would want to see in your soup?
8. Would you try a new soup?
9. If yes, what kind of soup are you looking for and at what price?

Covering Letter The Marketing Executive               The Managing Director Corporate Office, Gnanika Small Scale Industry Inc.  Sales Department, Abids Karimnagar-505 101                       Hyderabad-05 Lr. No. ________________ date _____________ Sir/Madam, (Salutation) Sub: With reference to the subject cited, the feasibility report of is herewith being submitted t your kind consideration. With regards Yours sincerely (Subscription)

Question 2.
Think of something that would make your college better. It could be anything better facilities, better infrastructure, better branding and so on. Once you have identified a specific area/areas for lmprovement write a feasibility report on the course of action to be taken.
Answer:
Title Page
Report No. XYZ
A Feasibility Report on Setting up of Student-run Canteen on College Campus
Prepared for The Principal
Prepared by The Student Council
Date: 05.06.2021

Acknowledgements:

• I thank all my colleagues for extending their support in the preparation of this report.
• I am also grateful to the respondents who answered my questions with patience.
• Last but not the least, / Finally, I also thank the Principal for giving me this opportunity to present this report.
• I am indebted to all the persons, irrespective of their class, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report.

Table of Content
i. Introduction
ii. Discussion/Description
iii. Methodology
iv. Conclusions
v. Recommendations

i. Introduction
In order to make a college a full-fledged one, it requires to have well-trained and experienced teaching staff and sufficient infrastructure. We the Student Council is fortunate to have experienced and committed teaching staff in our ABC College of Arts and Sciences. In terms of infrastructure, we have almost everything in place except a canteen for the students.

Since our college is located on the outskirts of the city, it is essential to have a canteen for the students who are coming from surrounding villages and towns who carry lunch boxes for lunch. Moreover, a canteen will act as a hub of idea generation and many productive student activities. Hence, requires a student-run Canteen on our college premises.

ii. Discussion! Description
In order to prepare a feasibility report to establish a student-run Canteen on our college premises, a survey was conducted on a student-mn Canteen on our college premises by interviewing the all the stakeholders. The number of respondents from the five cities is as follows:

S.No.	Stakeholders	No. of Respondents
1	Students	150
2	Teachers/Lecturers	20
3	Non-Teaching Staff	10
4	Parents	50
5	Alumni	50
	Total	300

iii. Methodology (Mode of collecting data)
A structured interview schedule was prepared and randomly administered to the all the stakeholders students, teachers, non-teaching staff, alumni, and parents, and they were asked to answer the questions given in the interview schedule.

From the analysis of the responses from the sample stakeholders, it is established that the majority of the students, teachers, non-teaching staff, parents and alumni who were interviewed preferred to have a Student-run Canteen on the college campus. Only very few opined to have other infrastructure such as indoor stadium, swimming pool, etc.

The expenditure to construct the proposed student-run canteen can be met through the donations from alumni, and other philanthropists. Moreover, the land for the facility is also available on the college campus.

iv. Conclusion
On the basis of the observations of its survey, it is concluded that though different views are offered, there is unanimous opinion to have a student-run canteen on college campus. Our college is located on the outskirts of the city.

Therefore, it is found to be essential to have a canteen for the students mostly coming from surrounding villages and towns carrying lunch boxes for lunch. Moreover, a canteen is considered to act as a hub of idea generation and many productive student activities. Therefore a student-run Canteen on our college premises may be constructed to cater to the students.

v. Recommendations
Therefore, we should try to construct a student-run canteen to provide accommodation for the students coming from far-off villages to take lunch and to help them share their idea in an informal space. Therefore it is feasible to establish a student- run canteen on the college campus.

Appendix

Interview Schedule

1. Do you think that your college has all the facilities essential for a college?
2. What is, in your opinion, the most essential infrastructure requi1 –I in our college?
3. Why did you choose it?
4. What is the best option in terms of expenditure?
5. Suggest the resource mobilization for the construction?

Question 3.
Write a feasibility report on declaring certain shopping areas as no-vehicle zones.
Title Page
Report No. XYZ
A Feasibility Report on declaring certain shopping areas no-vehicle zones
Prepared for The Commissioner of Police, Rachakonda Police
Commissionerate, Hyderabad
Prepared by The President, Uppal Residents Association
Date: 05.06.2021

Acknowledgements:

• I thank all my colleagues for extending their support in the preparation of this report.
• I am also grateful to the respondents who answered my questions with patience.
• Last but not the least, / Finally, I also thank the Commissioner of Ikilice,
  Rachakonda Police Commissionerate, Hyderabad for giving me this opportunity to present this report.
• I am indebted to all the persons, irrespective of their class, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report.

Table of Content

i. Introduction
ii. Discussion/Description
iii. Methodology
iv. Conclusions
v. Recommendations

i. Introduction
In order to make the shopping areas located in the Uppal Zone peaceful, it requires declaring some of the thickly populated areas where the shopping malls are located vehicle-free zones. Traffic is heavy in these areas mainly because of the location of some of the most visited shopping malls.

Especially, during the week-ends, the traffic jams and noise therefrom is common, disturbing the normal life in these colonies. We the residents of the colonies located in the Uppal Zone have been suffering from unbearable noise from heavy traffic running through these colonies.

There are also some schools and hospitals situated in these localities. The decibel level of the noise emanated from traffic vehicles is high and causing untold misery to the students, patients and old age people living in these residential areas. Therefore the shopping areas need to be declared vehicle free zones.

ii. Discussion/Description
In order to prepare a feasibility report on declaring certain shopping areas no-vehicle zones, a survey was conducted by interviewing the residents and the owners of the shopping malls located in the shopping areas. The number of respondents from the shopping areas in Uppal Zone is as follows:

S.No.	Place	Number of Respondents
1	Residents	200
2	Owners of the Shopping Malls	20

iii. Methodology (Mode of collecting data)
A semi-structured interview schedule was prepared and randomly administered to the all the residents, and the owners of the shopping malls located in the areas. They were asked to answer the questions given in the semi-structured interview schedule.

From the analysis of the responses from the sample stakeholders, it is analyzed that the majority of the residents and the owners of the shopping malls who were interviewed preferred to declare the shopping areas “vehicle-free zones”. Only very few opined to either shift the shopping areas to non-residential areas or close them.

iv. Conclusion
On the basis of the observations of its survey, it is concluded that though different views are offered, majority opinions that the shopping areas should be declared vehicle-free.

v. Recommendations
Traffic is heavy in the areas mainly because of the location of some of the most visited shopping malls. Especially, during the week-ends, the traffic jams and noise therefrom is common, disturbing the normal life in these colonies. The people living in these areas have been suffering from unbearable noise from heavy traffic running through these colonies.

There are also some schools and hospitals situated in these localities. The decibel level of the noise emanating from traffic vehicles is high and causing untold misery to the students, patients and old-age people living in these residential areas. On the basis of the survey findings, it is possible to declare the shopping areas “vehicle free zones” so as to protect the health of the people and peace in the areas.

Appendix

Sample Questions in the semi structured Interview Schedule

1. Do you feel any noise-pollution in your area?
2. What is, in your opinion, the main reason for the noise pollution?
3. What are the adverse effects of noise pollution in your locality?
4. What is your suggestion for reducing the noise pollution?

Question 4.
Write a feasibility report on the practicality of installing solar panels on all roof tops.
Answer:
Title Page
Report No. XYZ
A Feasibility Report on the practicality of installing solar panels on all roof tops Prepared for
The Mandal Parishad Chairperson Prepared by
The Panchayat Secretary of XYZ Gram Panchyat
Date: 05.06.2021

Acknowledgements

• I thank all my colleagues for extending their support in the preparation of this report.
• I am also grateful to the respondents who answered my questions with patience.
  Last but not the least, I also thank the MPDO of XYZ Mandal for giving me this opportunity to present this report.
• I am indebted to all the persons, irrespective of their class, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report.

Table of Content
i. Introduction
ii. Discussion/Description
iii. Methodology
iv. Conclusions
v. Recommendations

i. Introduction
In present times, India is emerging in the global arena as a leading generator of renewable energy, adopting renewable power strategy at a rapid rate. In its efforts to move further towards sustainable development, the government has set a target to achieve 175 GW of installed capacity of renewable energy by the end of 2022. Out of this, 100 GW is the target set for solar installations.

Till date, 23 GW of this target has already been achieved and 40 GW is under different stages of implementation. Though large scale installations account for 87% of solar power generation, today the adoption rate of solar rooftop panels is accelerating.

The installed capacity of solar rooftops augmented from 117 MW to 1250 MW during 2013-16. Taking this immense growth into consideration, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy through its National Solar Mission of India has set a target of 40 GW power through rooftop solar by 2022. Keeping the benefits of solar energy in minds, the feasibility report is prepared for installing solar rooftop panels on the buildings in our village.

ii. Discussion Description
In order to prepare a feasibility report on installing solar rooftop panels on the buildings in our village, a survey was conducted by interviewing the residents in the village about willingness towards this end. The number of respondents from the village is as follows:

S.No.	Place	No. of Respondents
1	Residents	500

iii. Methodology (Mode of collecting data)
A semi-structured interview schedule was prepared and randomly administered to the all the residents in the village. They were asked to answer the questions given in the semi-structured interview schedule. From the analysis of the responses from the sample stakeholders, it is analyzed that the majority of the residents who were part of the survey preferred to install solar rooftop panels on their buildings in our village. Only very few opined to continue with the conventional energy sources.

iv. Conclusion
On the basis of the observations of its survey, it is concluded that though different views are offered, majority opinion is that it is better to install solar rooftop panels on their buildings in our village, sic there are many benefits out it.

v. Recommendations
On the basis of the findings of survey, it can be recommended to go for installing solar rooftops on the buildings In the village. The initiative has many benefits: the biggest advantage of installing rooftop solar panels is that they offer cost savings.

The tariff rates for rooftop solar in comparison to industrial and commercial tariff rates are cheaper by 17% and 27% respectively; electricity prices keep on fluctuating from time to time. So, it is difficult to calculate the expenditure on electricity for a certain period of time.

However, when it comes to electricity generated by solar rooftops, the price of power generated can be calculated easily; though the deficiency of power in India is decreasing rapidly, still there are many people both in the rural and urban areas, who have improper and unreliable access to electricity. Since rooftop solar panels harness the power of the sun to generate electricity, they are eco-friendly.

Furthermore, their cost of operation is also stable; in order to encourage people to adopt solar energy, the government offers tax credits to those who install rooftop solar panels whether it be for residential or commercial purposes.

As per the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the government pays 30% of the installation cost as a subsidy to the installer; and it reduces carbon footprints and a source of green energy. On the basis of the survey findings, it is possible to install solar panels on the rooftops of the building in the village.

Appendix

Sample Questions in the semi-structured Interview Schedule

• Do you have an electricity connection?
• If yes, on an average how much electricity bill do you get per a month?
• Do you want to install the solar panels on the rooftops of your house?
• If yes, why do you want to install the solar panels on the rooftops of your house?

Question 5.
Imagine that you are asked to supervise the establishment of a small-scale industry in your locality. Write a progress report on the work being done.
Answer:
Title Page
Report No. XYZA
Report on the Progress of Establishment of a Soup Making Industry Prepared for
The Managing Director Prepared by The Sales Manager
Date: 05.06.2021

Acknowledgments

I thank all my colleagues, especially the sales executives who collected the data on the progress of the establishment of Soup making industry in the area for extending their support in the preparation of this report.
I also thank The Managing Director for giving me this opportunity to present this report.
I am indebted to all the persons, irrespective of their class, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report.

Table of Content
i. Introduction
ii. Discussion/Description
iii. Conclusions
iv. Recommendations

i. Introduction

In October 2020, our company called for a feasibility report on the prospects of entering into the production of soup making. Accordingly. our Marketing Executive submitted a report. On the basis of the report, the company started the production of the soup, and it launched the product with the brand name “Sankalpa Herbal Soup” on January 19, 2021. Within a week, the soup was distributed to every nook and corner of the country. I have been asked to prepare and present a progress report on the sales of Sankalpa Herbal Soup in the first thred months of its launch.

ii. Discussion/Description

Sankalpa Herbal Soup was launched in three sizes. It is available in 100 gms, 150 gms and 200 gms. In order to prepare progress report on the progress of the soup sales, a survey was conducted among different customers in the five major cities in the country, including hyderabad from Telangana. The analysis of the survey results shows that many customers have tried the soup and liked it very much.

The merchants are also happy with the demand for the soup. However, they viewed that the soup needs to be given much more publicity. It was also identified that many village are not yet aware of the product. Therefore, measures must be initiated to publicize the soup product in rural areas.

However, there is huge demand for the soup and its popularity is on the rise. It was identified that the main reason for demand is its success in protection of the skin in all seasons and its moisturizing quality. The results of the survey are preseited in the form of a bar graph, as shown here:

iii. Conclusion
On the basis of the observations of its survey, it is concluded that the demand for the soup is satisfactory and sales are picking up day by day. We introduced the product at the right time. However, there are some lapses too, which need our immediate attention.

iv. Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are hereby made for your kind notice and consideration:

• The product should be published well in villages too.
• It should be made available in small sizes such as in 50gms.
• The marketing strategy should be revised.
• There should be a close watch on shopkeepers who are not promoting our product active. because of high incentives being offered by our competitors.

Appendix

Sample Questions In the semi-structured Interview Schedule

• Do you use our brand soup ”Sankalpa Herba? Soup”?
• Why?
• Do you suggest any improvements in the product?

Question 6.
Write a progress report on your collection of data about school dropouts in the colonies around your college.
Answer:
Title Page
Report No. XYZ
A progress report on the collection of data about school dropouts in the
colonies around the college
Prepared for The Mandai Education Officer
Prepared by Hrushikesh, Student Study Project group leader
Date: 05.06.2021

Acknowledgements:

• I thank all my classmates and friends who were involved in collecting the data about school dropouts in the colonies around the college.
• I also thank the Mandai Education Officer for giving me this opportunity to present this report.

Table of Content
i. Introduction
ii. Discussion/Description
iii. Conclusions
iv. Recommendations

i. Introduction
School going children are seen going not to schools but to work or to other non agricultural work. Beautiful childhood turns into spoilt and burdened adulthood. This is especially true in the case many children living in the nearby colonies around the ABC College. As part of a student study project undertaken by the students of the college, the issue of school dropouts in the nearby colonies around the college was taken up.

In the process, the required data was being collected from the sample of parent and school dropout respondents. A group of students from our college have got divided themselves into sub-groups and have been on their visit to the nearby colonies for the last one month. A progress report on the collection of data about school dropouts in the colonies around the college is hereby present

ii. Discussion/Description
Though child labour is prohibited in our country, there are so many young children seen either working in the roadside dabo.s. moteLs, hotels, construction work, and agriculture-related work. This results in constant rise in the number of school dropouts in the near by colonies around our college.

A survey method with a structured questionnaire has been adopted in order to study the exact number of school dropouts in these colonies, the main reasons for such increase in the dropout rate and the measures required for taken up.

The population of the survey constitutes all the children of school going age group and according
to Census 2011 is around 2500 in the colonies around our college. Stratified random sampling technique based on their age and the qualification of their parents’ education and economic background was chosen for the purpose of data collection. The colony wise progress in the data collection process is presented in the form of a bar graph as shown here:

Bar graph shows the number of colony wise school dropouts from the selected five colonies (Blue indicates the figures of total sample and red shows the figures of the already covered school dropouts).

iii. Conclusion
On the basis of the observations of its survey, it is concluded that 3930 out of sample of 5000 school dropouts from the selected colonies around the college have been enumerated along with their demographic variables. It constitutes 78.6 percent of the sample school dropouts

iv. Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following observations and recommendations are here by made for your kind notice and consideration:
i. Some of the sample school dropouts were not available since they were engaged in the labour works.
ii. There needs to be some cooperation from the schools located in the colonies in the survey process so as to step up the data collection process.

Appendix

Questionnaire (for both children and parents)

1. Why are you not going to school?
2. What are your parents?
3. Do you send your child children to school. if any support is provided to your family?
4. If yes, what kind of support do you expect from the government?

Question 7.
Assume that you are selected as a green volunteer. Prepare a progress report on the tree plantation drive being carried out in your locality.
Answer:
Title Page
Report No. XYZ
A progress report on the tree plantation drive being carried out in ABC Nagar
Prepared for The District Collector
Prepared by Hrushikesli. a Green Voluneer
Date: 05.06,2021

Acknowledgements:

I thank the Word member and all my friends from my colony who were involved in data collection process on the tree plantation drive being
carried out in ABC Nagar. I also thank the District Collector for giving me this opportunity to present this report.

Table of Content
i. Introduction
ii. Discussion/Description
iii. Conclusions
iv. Recommendations

i. Introduction
A tree plantation drive was held in the ABC Colony on 10th Aug, 2020. The duel objectives of this drive were to enhance the tree cover in the colony and to sensitize the residents towards importance of trees. In this program, members of the Colony Welfare Association and the residents were made to plant a tree each at the designated place.

Each tree was marked by a plate mentioning the name of the tree, and the name of the person that planted it. Each member of the associations has taken the responsibility of nurturing their tree. This also creates among the colony children a sense of belonging to nature, As a Green Volunteer, I am authorised to present the following progress report of the tree plantation drive undertaken in my colony:

ii. Discussion/Description
The survey method was adopted as the methodlogy to data collection and analysis. After analyzing the data, it was identified that the tree plantation drive in the colony went on as per the plan. Firstly, time-slots to different streets were given between 11am to 1pm. residents came to the site with a member of the association as per the schedule and planted the trees. They were given information about the naine and type of tree, colour of its flowers, its blooming season and about what are they expected to do to take care of it.

On this occasion one tree each was also planted by our guests Municipal Chairperson and Ward member and other representatives of Government. In all, 200 trees were planted on the occasion, all of which are flowering trees. The trees that were planted were Gulmohar (Delonik Regia), Jacaranda (Jacaranda Mimosifolia), Kanak Champa (Pterospermum Acerifoliuni), Kurejia or Mexican Silk Cotton (Ceiba Petandra) and Tota (Erythrina Variegata). The street wise trees planted as part of the plantation drive is presented in the form of a bar graph, as shown here:
………………………..

iii. Conclusion
On the basis of the observations of its survey. it is concluded that 200 saplings were planted during the plantation drive. In the street Number 3, the highest number of saplings was planted. In the contrast, in the street number 4, there were 30 saplings were planted. It was concluded that there should be follow up action on the part of the colony association to take care of the plants to grow into big trees

iv. Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following observations and recommendations are hereby made for your kind notice and consideration:

• The residents of the colony and volunteers should be allotted with watering the plants even during the summer season.
• There should be a regular green audit to ascertain the survival of the plants and green cover in the colony.

Appendix

Programme Schedule Sheet

• Inauguration 10:00AM
• Plantation Drive 11:00 AM -1:00 PM

Question 8.
Write an evaluation report on the socio-economic and environmental Impact of the small-scale industry in your locality.
Answer:
Title Page
Report No. XYZ
An Evaluation Report on the socio-economic and environmental impact
of the Soup making industry near ABC village
Prepared for The Managing Director (Sankalpa Herbal Soup)
Prepared by The Marketing Manager (Sankalpa Herbal Soup)
Date: 05.06.2021

Acknowledgements:

I thank all persons, irrespective of their cadre, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report. I also thank the Managing Director (Sankalpa Herbal Soup) for giving me this opportunity to present this report.

Table of Content

i. Introduction
ii. Discussion/Description
iii. Conclusions

i. Introduction
After going through the progress reports of the last one year, it can be said that the sales graph of “Sankalpa Herbal Soup” is not consistent, The management examined the progress reports and implemented the recommendations made in the reports. Now the management wants to evaluate the product.

ii. Discussion Description
The management has adopted the following criteria to evaluate the quality, popularity, profit margins, etc. of the “Sankalpa Herbal Soup”.

• At least 50% of the people should use the product.
• The profit margin should increase by at least 3-4% every month.
• The brand name of the product should become a household name.
• At least 45% of sales should be in villages.
• There should be 100% satisfaction from the consumers.

After going through the details, it was found that the product has met the majorily of the criteria. As expected by the management. more than 50% of people are using the soup and the profit has increased almost every month, though not at the desired rate.

This soup has been received well by consumers, and it has become a household name in some areas. There is 90% satisfaction among the consumers. However. 100% satisfaction is very difficult to achieve. Sales in villages are increasing month by month and have now gone up to 38%.

Sales graph of the Sankalpa Herbal Soup in the last 6 months:

From the above graph, it can be observed that there was a steady and constant growth in the sales of the soup during last six months.

iii) Conclusion
On the basis of the observations of its survey, it is concluded that the sales of the soup are picking up, and profits will also improve gradually. There should be improvement in sales in some areas. Many indicators match the expectations of the management. Therefore, it is desirable to continue the product, particularly since there have been no losses so far.

Question 9.
Write an evaluation report on a new course of study introduced 2 years ago.
Answer:
Title Page
Report No. XYZ
An evaluation report on the new course of study introduced 2 years ago
Prepared for The Board of Studies, Department of Commerce,
Osmania University
Prepared by The Principal, XYZ College
Date: 05.06.2021

Acknowledgments:

I thank all persons, irrespective of their cadre, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report.
I also thank the Board of Studies, Dept. of Commerce, Osmania University, Hyderabad for giving me this opportunity to present this report.

Table of Content
i. Introduction
ii. Discussion/Description
iii. Conclusions

i. Introduction
After having gone through the increased admissions during the last three years in the new course ‘B.Com. Business Analytics” introduced 2017-18, it can be said that the admission graph of the course is consistent in its upward trend. The college management examined the year-wise response of the students getting admission into this particular course and initiated necessary measures to keep the demand for the course high. Now the college management wants to evaluate the course outcomes.

ii. Discussion! Description
The college management has adopted the following criteria to evaluate the quality, popularity, employability of the students studying “B.Com. Business Analytics”.

• There should be 100% admissions into the course.
• The demand for the course should increase by at least 5% every year.
• At least 80% of pass-out graduates should get campus recruitment.
• There should be 100% satisfaction from the stakeholders-students, parents, alumni, and employers.

After going through the details, it was found that the new course has met the majority of the criteria, As expected by the college management, more than 100% of students have been applying for the new course using the soup and demand for the course should increase by at least 5% every year. This course has been received well by the commerce student community.

There is 100% satisfaction among the students and it shows the popularity of the course among the commerce students. Employability of the students who have completed the course is 100%. since all the graduates of the “B.Com. Business Analytics” have been absorbed into the industry through the campus recruitment dive.

The following graph presents the applications, admission and employability of the “B.Com. Business Analytics” in the last 3 years: From the above graph, it can be observed that there has been an upward trend in the course admissions and employment for the course during last three years.

Conclusion:
On the basis of the observations of its survey, it is concluded that the demand for the course has been increasing over the years from 150 applications in 2017-18 academic year to 650 applications in 2019-20 academic year. In order to accommodate the growing demand, the number of seats has also been increased with the prior permission of the university.

There should be improvement in sales in some areas. Except in the academic year 2017-18, there has been 100% employment provided for the course graduates as part of the college campus recruitment drive. Many indicators match the expectations of the college management. Therefore, it is desirable to continue the course with increased seats in our college.

Question 10.
Write an evaluation report on online admissions into undergraduate courses.
Answer:
Title Page
Report No. XYZ
An Evaluation Report on online admissions into undergraduate courses
Prepared for The Convener, DOST, Telangana
Prepared by The Principal, XYZ College
Date: 05.06.2021

Acknowledgments:

I thank all persons, irrespective of their cadre, who extended their helpful hands in the preparation of this report.
I also thank the Convener, DOST, Telangana, Hyderabad for giving me this opportunity to present this report.

Table of Content

i. Introduction
ii. Discussion/Description
iii. Conclusions

i. Introduction

Degree Online Services Telangana known as DOST is a unified, online degree admission system for students in Telangana by Government of Telangana. The DOST online service, brings all government colleges, autonomous colleges, private and aided colleges under one system.

Over 2.2 lakh students were allotted seats in various degree colleges in all state universities-Osmaflia University, Kakatiya University, Telangana University, Mahatma Gandhi University, Satavahana University and Palamuru University in May and July every year.

In order to get an admission for bachelor’s degree in universities in Telangana, they are required to register on the DOST portal: dost.cgg.gov.in. Since the introduction of the online admissions through DOST platform in 2016, there have been many changes to make the platform user-friendly and hassle free. However there are some issues that need attention. In this context, the evaluation report on the DOST is essential.

ii. Discussion/ Description

The college management has adopted the following criteria to evaluate the quality, user-friendliness and other issues related to the DOST platform:

• There should be 100% satisfaction among the stakeholders, especially students.
• Online admission schedule should be followed strictly.
• There should be an increase in the online applications by at least 2-3% every year.

After having gone through the details, it was found that the online admissions into undergraduate courses through the DOST platform have not met the majority of the criteria. As expected by the stakeholders, especially students and parents, the online system is not working.

Only 70% of student applicants are satisfied with the online admission system through DOST. Due to many reasons. the online admission schedule has been disturbed almost every year. It was identified that there an increase in the online applications into the undergraduate courses through DOST by 3% every year.

iii. Conclusion
On the basis of the observations of its survey, it is concluded that

• Aspiring students need to register their web options on the official website and opt for colleges. After the admission process begins, the students receive SMS when a seat is allotted in a degree college.
• The student admission process was linked to biometric system in 2017-18. For the academic year 2018-19. it was linked with Aadhaar of students. There are 3 phases in the admitting the students.
• Telangana State Council of Higher Education (TSCHE). Hyderabad. conducts the
  Degree Online Services Telangana Admission on the official website i.e., dost.cgg.gov.in.
• DOST admission is provided on the basis of merit and reservation criteria. It is a state-level admission process through which candidates are offered admission to courses such as BA. B.Com, B.Sc, B.Com (Voc), B.Com (Horis), BSW, BBM, BCA. Therefore, it is desirable to continue the course with increased seats in our college.
• There will be constant rescheduling of the online admission process due to many reasons. And satisfaction levels of the stakeholders are not up to the mark.

Media Reports

Exercise 1.

Question 1.
Explain the inverted pyramid’ style of wilting a media report.
Answer:
Writing media reports is different from writing general reports or essays. Unlike other reports, media reports begin with the conclusion and disclose the details gradually. In order to grab the attention of the reader, media reports use the most essential element of the report first, followed by details and supporting information in order of diminishing importance.

This method followed in writing media reports is known as the ‘inverted pyramid’ style of writing because it turns the conventional structure upside down by starting with the conclusion. It is also sometimes referred to as the ‘front loading’ style because it gives the most important information first and directly.

Question 2.
Describe the process of writing a media report.
Answer:
A good media report is one that catches the attention of the reader quickly and is able to convince the reader to read through the story. Remember that today’s reader has many alternative sources of information and has no patience with badly written and I or badly presented reports. The following are some of the techniques followed in writing media reports:

i. Compose a catchy headline: The headline is your “hook” to catch your reader – use vivid language and verbs. Convey the basic idea of the story in one line; use two lines only if absolutely necessary. You may find writing the headline easier after you have finished your media report.

ii. Lead the first paragraph with answers to the questions who, what, when, where and why. Be brief and give the most relevant details. Numbers should not merely be listed, but woven into the text in a readable manner. Give facts in an accurate but entertaining manner.

iii. Follow the “inverted pyramid” style in the remaining paragraphs of your media report. The inverted pyramid style gives details in descending order of importance. Start with the most important and newest information. Continue with remaining details, ending with the oldest and least important. Include as much information as needed but no more.

iv. Proofread your copy and double check. Follow the style guide used by your media outlet. Check for spelling and grammar errors even if your word processing program has a built in error-checker. One helpful technique in proofreading is reading your media report backwards. This technique makes errors stand out. Verify dates, times, addresses and the spelling of names.

Question 3.
List some important points to be kept in mind while wilting media reports.
Answer:
A good media report is one that catches the attention of the reader quickly and is able to convince the reader to read through the story. Remember that today’s reader has many alternative sources of information and has no patience with badly written and/or badly presented reports. The following are some of the guidelines for writing media reports:

• Use clear and simple language, shorter words and active verbs. For example, ‘We watched the match” instead of The match was watched”.
• Avoid jargon and slang and complex sentences and try to conclude only one idea in a sentence.
• Make each paragraph present only one idea and concept. ‘Front load’ each paragraph, i.e., start each paragraph with the main idea or conclusion of the paragraph.
• Be direct. Make your point first and then explain. The front loading or ‘direct approach’ may be considered inelegant, blunt and even rude perhaps in other kinds of writing. However, it is the preferred style of media reports because their target reader is one who wants to grasp information quickly and easily.
• Give details but only as much as required. Cut out the flab.
• Always remember that the reader is under no obligation to read the report. You have to catch the reader’s attention and make sure you do not lose it.

Exercise II.

Write media reports on the following topics:

Question 1.
Decline in the number of applications for admissions into engineering courses.
Answer:
Applications for Admission into Engineering Courses declined
Students are averse of tech courses but opting for traditional degree courses

There is a striking decline in the number of applications for admissions into engineering courses in colleges in Telangana state. This year there have been only 1,90,524 applications for the total seats of 1,08,175. Last year this number was slightly higher with 2,76,233 students aspired for the engineering education.

The B.Tech. admissions in Telangana engineering colleges are purely based on merit. Every year, at least 2 lakh students appear for the state-level engineering entrance exam, and the competition for B.Tech. admission in Telangana is moderate. Intermediate second-year students who are aspiring to pursue B.Tech. in Telangana must clear the entrance test to secure admission.

The Telangana State Board of Technical Education and Training (TSBTET) has released the official details about the total number of seats available in government and private engineering-colleges across the state. The official seat matrix of Telangana engineering colleges can be checked below.

College Type	Total No. of Colleges	Total No. of Seats
Govt. Engineering Colleges	14	3,055
Private Engineering Colleges	200	1,05,120

Lack of employment of opportunities, lack of quality engineering education and cost of the courses are some of the main reasons for the decline in the number of applications for the engineering courses.

Question 2.
Private and foreign universities setting up campuses in the state soon.
Answer:
Telangana govt, gives permission to 5 private universities
Approval for nine private universities given preliminary approval in
February last; Foreign universities to open Campuses

In a significant move, the Telangana government has cleared permission to five private universities in the state. The government promulgated an ordinance giving permission to five universities and operate from the current academic year 2020-21 on Wednesday. There is also talk of allowing foreign universities to open their campuses in the state soon.

In fact, the state government has given preliminary approval for nine private universities in February last and was about to enact legislation. However, after giving preliminary permission, the matter was referred to a ministerial subcommittee to examine the credentials of each of the nine universities.

After a thorough study, the committee made certain recommendations based on which five of them were given permission. The five new private universities are – Tech Mahindra (Bahadurpalli), Woxsen University (Sadasivapet), Mallareddy University (Dulapalli), SR University (Anantasagar, Warangal) and Anurag University (Venkatapur, Ghatkesar).

Guru Nanak Educational Society, Srinidhi Educational Society, National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR) and MNR Medical College & Hospital which were given preliminary approvals were now denied permission. Vagdevi, Vignan Group, Amity, Radcliff, etc. had also applied for university status, but the government rejected them.

How and from when these private universities operate
The new private universities permitted by the state government will start academic activity from the current academic year 2020-21. Admissions into these universities will be made on JEE merit or Eamcet score. TechMahindra has been running technical courses in association with JNTU- H for a few years now while Anurag and SR Educational Institution are already established colleges. Woxsen specializes in design and architecture, but they will be adding other engineering courses, too from this year.

Reservation for Telangana local students
As specified by the Telangana State Private Universities Act, 2018, the private universities are supposed to reserve 25 percent seats to local students in admissions. For being considered as local, a student has to study in Telangana for at least two years or intermediate course. However, there won’t be any fee concession under any quota.

Question 3.
Student demand their college buildings to be included in the heritage building list.
Answer:
Growing Demand for heritage building State for College Building
Students have been pushing for its inclusion in the Heritage List

Students and staff demand that “The building complex of our City College here should be tagged with heritage status” as part of the new scheme initiated by the University rants Commission (UGC) for conservation of history-rich buildings in colleges and universities. The students and staff explain that the Arts and Sciences College buildings on the sprawling campus, which are a century-old, should be set for national attention in view their history, heritage and influential in higher education.

“We submitted the proposed last year to include the buildings in the UGC Heritage List. We hope that it will make it into the List this time. If listed we can avail ourselves of the fund of Rs 5 Core for the conservation of the buildings.” Dr D. Hrushikesh, Principal of the college, told our special correspondent on Wednesday.

Started in 1920 with Dr Rajeshwar as Principal, the City College celebrated its lOOrd college day in April last. The Arts and Sciences College constructed in Saracenic architecture have the pride of being host to Rabindranath Tagore in 1935 when he delivered a series of lectures on the campus. The three buildings that will get attention are Main Hall (1920), Conference Hall (1922) and Ganghi Hall (1923).

“Plinth area of these buildings is over one lakh square feet and the architecture is a marvel in Hyderabad,” the Principal said. Dr Gnanika, Vice-Principal, said that buildings were constructed with a long-term vision. “Our college was an influential institution in the pre-Independence period. The cherished buildings certainly deserve the heritage status and we hope for status,” she added.

Question 4.
Students want their campus to be declared a vehicle-free zone.
Answer:
Students want their campus to be declared a vehicle-free zone
Vehicular noise spoil peace on the campus

The students of Osmania University campus demand for declaring their campus vehide-free zone. Traffic is heavy in the roads running through the campus area mainly because of the location of some of the most visited shopping malls in the surrounding areas. Students lamented that the traffic jams and noise therefrom is common, disturbing the normal life on the university campus, especially during peak hours and the week ends.

They complained that they have been suffering from unbearable noise from heavy traffic running through the campus. The decibel level of the noise emanated from traffic vehicles is high and causing untold misery to the students Living in the hostels on the campus. Therefore the students of Osmania University demand that their campus need to be declared vehicle free zone.

Question 5.
Students take out a rally In support of boycotting boycotts.
Answer:
Students take out a rally In support of boycotting boycotts
Boycotts hampering Academic Schedule

The students of Osmania University campus and affiliated colleges took out a rally in their respective college premises and raised slogans against boycotting classes. They decried that due to the frequent calls for boycotting classes that hampar the academic schedule and are affecting the academic atmosphere in the educational institutions.

Taking out the massive rallies, the student leaders raised “Boycott the boycotts” and “No to Bundhs”. They appealed to all the political parties not to pollute the college atmosphere with constant boycotts of classes. “We are taking out rallies to bring awareness among the general public about the bad effects of the boycotts on the education and studies”, a student leader explained the objective of the rallies across the state.

Question 6.
Symposium held on” Should Colleges become Coaching Centres?”
Answer:
Symposium on “Should Colleges become Coaching Centres?”
‘That kilts the very purpose of the colleges’, opine the experts
Our Special Correspondent
Hyderabad: UPDATED: MAY 10, 2020 05:30 IST
UGC member Dr Maurya Prasad viewed “If colleges were turned into coaching centres, it would defeat the very purpose of the educational system”. Delivering the Key Note Address at the symposium organised by the University College of Arts and Social Sciences, Osmania University here on Monday, Dr Prasad reminded the audience the objectives of establishing colleges in India and how the ecosystem of the coaching centres hamper the essence of the functioning of the colleges.

However, he suggested having a centre in every higher educational institution for imparting coaching classes for various competitive examinations such as UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC exams, and state service exams such as Group I, Group it etc.

University Vice Chancellor Dr ABC also spoke on the occasion and assured that his university will set up one state-of-the-art Career Guidance and Coaching Centre on the university campus to cater to the needs of the students who aspire for the various competitive examinations and career guidance. Arts College Principal Dr XYZ presided over the symposium and over five hundred delegates from across the country were participated in the symposium.

Question 7.
Rising trend of students of professional courses opting to write competitive examinations.
Answer:
Rising Trend in Professionals opting for Competitive Examinallons
‘Service motto arid privilege’ are attracting them

Mr. Hrushikesh Dasari, a graduate from HT Mumbal secured the all India 1 Rank in the Civil Services Examination 2020 the results of which were announced by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) late Last night. When asked the motivation for his opting Civil Services, Mr. Hrushikesh who left a lucrative package from a reputed MNC in the USA said that the pleasure and privilege associated with public service attracted him towards the Indian Administrative Service (lAS). Interestingly, there are 78 candidates with engineering and technology background in the top 100 all India ranks this year. This figure was almost akin to the last year’s which stands at 76.

Dr Murali Ramana, Director of the XYZ Coaching Centre, Hyderabad explained the main motives behind the rising trend of students of professional courses opting to write competitive examinations-respect, privilege, service motto and power associated with the Civil Servies.

Question 8.
Parents want an academic calendar that suits local weather conditions.
Answer:
‘Prepare Academic Calendar suiting local weather
conditions’: Parents’ Association

Hyderabad: UPDATED: MAY 10, 2020 05:30 1ST

The Telangana Parents Association (TPS) urged the officials of the School Education to revise the Academic Calendar by keeping the local weather conditions in mind. Usually, every year school classes end by 21 st April and summer holidays begin thereafter till June 12.

However, they explained that for the last couple of years, the summer sets in during the mid-February and the day temperatures are touching over 400 C. They recounted the instances of their children getting dehydrated in the month of February during the school hours. There were reports unfortunate incidents of heat-wave related deaths in schools in some parts of the states.

Therefore, the parents’ body, in a press release, requested the Education Minister to take a call in this regard and revise the Academic Calendar in order to suit it to the local weather conditions so as to strengthen the academics of their wards.

Question 9.
Companies complain about the mismatch between students’ marks and their knowledge levels.
Answer:
‘Mismatch between students’ marks and their knowledge
levels’: Industry Bosses
Need for a forge between Industry and Academia

The CEOs of the multinational companies complained that there is strong mismatch between students’ marks and their knowledge levels. In the symposium “Alliance between Industry and Academia” held on Monday in the College Auditorium, Arts College, Hyderabad, the Chief Executive Officers of the reputed Multinational Companies Located across the country expressed a unanimous opinion saying that when they visited various college campuses, they were surprised to find out that the outgoing graduates and postgraduates were unable to exhibit the minimum skill set required for their companies.

They lamented that even the students’ with the scores over 95% of marks or 10/10 grades fail to perform the very essential soft skills and life skills in the work place. Representing the FICCI, Mr. Guiarla opined that there should be a close alliance between the academic institutions and industries and the curriculum should constantly be revised to meet the needs of the industry. He suggested introducing industrial training as a part and parcel of the curriculum so as to impart the employability skills among college graduates.

the students’ with the scores over 95% of marks or 10/10 grades fail to perform the very essential soft skills and life skills in the work place. Representing the FICCI, Mr. Guiarla opined that there should be a close alliance between the academic institutions and industries and the curriculum should constantly be revised to meet the needs of the industry. He suggested introducing industrial training as a part and parcel of the curriculum so as to impart the employability skills among college graduates.

Question 10.
Students organize a round table on “My ideal College”.
Answer:
“My Ideal College”
That provides enabling academic environment

My ideal college is the one which provides enabling academic environment in which every individual student can realise his or her innate abilities and to mould themselves in to an all-round personality with unwavering faith in the harmony between environment and human beings.” opined a student participating in the roundtable conference held by the Student Joint Action Committee in the University Auditorium on Friday.

Echoing similar views, another student delegate said that her ideal college should have all the sources both human and material resources, It should have well-qualified, experienced and committed teaching and non- teaching staff and should be adequately equipped with state of the art infrastructure facilities- adequate classrooms, office rooms, staff rooms, separate washrooms for both boys and girls, canteen, sports and games facilities, NCC, NSS, Indoor Games, Swimming Pool, greenery, etc.

Question 11.
Write a media report on: Conference held on “Should Colleges become Coaching Centres?”
Answer:
A conference was held on 15th of July at the Tagore auditorium in Secunderabad. The conference was an argumentative topic i.e., “Should colleges become coaching centres?” Many eminent and well-known educationists and writers took part in the conference.

Besides this, about a hundred undergraduate students from different colleges of the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad participated in this conference along with a few teachers. “Colleges should not become only coaching centres. Educational institutions like colleges should spread the aroma of a collection of educational values besides acquiring knowledge.

Acquiring knowledge is only a part of it”. This is what the famous young writer Chetan said on the occasion. Similarly, the Secretary of the All India Council for Technical Education, Mr. Isaac reminded the students and teachers, who participated in the conference, that colleges should not compel the students to cram tons of information.

Addressing the audience, he repeatedly said that the students are coached now-a-days to mug up information. The education, now imparted to the students in colleges, does not make them more creative, rather makes them mug up machines. One of the students, by name Miss Parvathy, belonging to Ill semester B.Sc, from “Ravindra College, Hyderabad” declared that these so called, money minded colleges should be controlled by enacting laws. She repeatedly warned such colleges that their coaching culture should be curbed.

Question 12.
Write a media report on: “Parents want an academic calendar that suits local weather conditions”.
Answer:
“Parents want an academic calendar that suits local weather conditions”, Hyderabad, 15th June Parents of the twin cities of Secunderabad and Hyderabad, whose school-going children are facing certain problems regarding the academic calendar, met at Nizam college and passed a resolution the form of a memorandum to be submitted to the managements of the private schools and to the D.E.Os of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. The proposal was to split the vacation into two parts Le., a month of vacation in May, during summer and another month of vacation in December Le., during winter.

OU Degree 4th Sem English Study Material

Osmania University Degree 3rd Year 5th Sem English Study Material

Unit 1

• Ecology Poem by A.K. Ramanujan
• What’s the Language of the Future? by Henry Hitchings
• Unit 1 Vocabulary, Grammar

Unit 2

• Girl Poem by Jamaica Kincaid
• Gender Equality Is Your Issue Too by Emma Watson
• Unit 2 Vocabulary, Grammar

Unit 3

• Film & Book Review Writing
• Unit 3 Vocabulary, Grammar

OU Degree 4th Sem English Unit 5 Vocabulary, Grammar

Vocabulary – Commonly Confused Words

1. Accept x Except
2. Admit x Join
3. Awful x Awesome
4. Bad x Badly
5. Before x In front of
6. Beside x Besides
7. Break x Brake
8. Compliment x Complement
9. Current x Currant
10. Die x Dye
11. Envy x jealousy
12. Hear x Here
13. Heir x Hare X Hair
14. Illicit x Elicit
15. Jealousy x Envy
16. Little x A little
17. Much x Many
18. Plain x Plane
19. Stationary x Stationery
20. Story x Storey
21. Tail x Tale .
22. Terriblfe x Terrific
27. Tier x Tire x Tyre
28. Too x Very
29. Troublemaker x Troubleshooter
30. Valet x Wallet
23. Facilitate x Felicitate
24. Famous x Notorious
25. Few x A few
26. Great x Grate

Exercise I.

Fill in the blanks with the correct alternative.

1. You have made ……………. mistakes this time, (less/fewer)
2. The sun ……………. in the east, (raises/rises)
3. The park ……………. is the lake, (buy/by)
4. The scheme has lost ……………. purpose, (it’s/its)
5′. What is the ……………. objective of your research? (principal/principle)
6. A tie is a perfect to ……………. a suit, (compliment/complement)
7. Practice well so that you don’t the match, (loose/lose)
8. Most drugs have side ……………. (affect/effect)
9. ……………. knowledge is a dangerous thing. (A little/ Little)
10. An introduction should ……………. the presentation, (precede/proceed)
11. The captain’s decision met with much ……………. (dissent/descent)
12. The violent child was taken to a ……………. (councillor/counsellor)
13. The case needs ……………. investigation, (further/farther)
14. I liked the ……………. part of the film, (later/letter)
15. Every student should have ……………. to a good library, (axis/access/excess)
Answers:
1. You have made fewer mistakes this time.
2. The sun rises in the east.
3. The park is by the lake.
4. The scheme has lost its purpose.
5. What is the principal objective of your research?
6. A tie is a perfect complement to a suit.
7. Practice well so that you don’t lose the match.
8. Most drugs have side effects.
9. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
10. An introduction should precede the presentation.
11. The captain’s decision met with much dissent.
12. The violent child was taken to a counsellor.
13. The case needs further investigation.
14. I liked the latter part of the film.
15. Every student should have access to a good library.

Exercise II.

Fill in the blanks choosing the correct word from the box.

accept – except	lead – led	historic – historical
formally – formerly	already – already	quite – quiet

1. Before the bell rang, students were _______ to go home.
2. Chennal was _______ known as Madras.
3. He discovered some _______ records during his research.
4. I don’t think he will _______ the invitation.
5. I have _______ eaten. So I am not hungry now.
6. I like all books _______ the badly written ones.
7. Now you can find pencils without.
8. The exercise is easy.
9. The signing of the peace treaty was a _______ event.
10. Writers need a place to write.
11. Gurgaon was _______ renamed Gurugram in 2016.
12. The captain ___________ from the front.
Answers:
1. Before the bell rang, students were all ready to go home.
2. Chennai was formerly known as Madras.
3. He discovered some historical records during his research.
4. I don’t think he will accept the invitation.
5. I have already eaten. So I am not hungry now.
6. I like all books except the badly written ones.
7. Now you can find pencils without lead.
8. The exercise is quite easy.
9. The signing of the peace treaty was a historic event.
10. Writers need a quiet place to write.
11. Gurgaon was formally renamed Gurugram in 2016.
12. The captain led from the front.

Grammar — Determiner

Determiners are words that come before nouns or at the beginning of norm phrases. Determiners limit or fix the meaning of nouns in some way and help clarify what a noun refers to. They can be specific or general.

Specific Determiners
Following are specific determiners:

• Definite article. the (the most common determiner in English; says that the noun is ‘definite’). Example: Is the teacher on leave today?
  Demonstratives: this, that, these, those (indicate nearness to or distance from the speaker).
  Example: Look at those beautiful paintings.
• Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their (indicate possession, ownership).
  Example: May I borrow your pen?
  We use specific determiners when:
• The people or things we are talking about have already been mentioned.
• The listener/reader knows exactly which people or things we are referring to.

General Determiners
The general determiners are:

• Indefinite articles: a/an (very common determiners in English; say that the noun is ‘indefinite’) Example: We visited an art gallery.
• Quantifiers: some, jew, little, may, much, several, jive, first, next, last, etc. (indicate quantity, number, rank or order). Example: Some students were waiting outside the examination hall.
  We use general determiners when:
• We mention people or things for the first time.
• We speak about people or things generally without exactly referring to anyone or anything.

Exercise I.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate determiner.

1. I have very money left in my bank account, (few/little)
2. The government has to spend time on implementing the schemes.(many/more)
3. My mother sent me to buy rice, (some/little)
4. Stephen Hawking wrote book A Brief History of Time in 1988. (a/the)
5. I can speak English but not very fluently, (a few/a little)
6. Please give me more coffee, (any/some)
7. The students didn’t pay attention to the lecture, (little/much)
8. Can’t you see book, it’s right here! (that/this)
9. I have been reading for hours now, and I am still in the first chapter. (much/many)
10. Give me pencils to colour this picture, (few/a few)
Answers:
1. I have very little money left in my bank account.
2. The government has to spend more time on implementing the schemes.
3. My mother sent me to buy some rice.
4. Stephen Hawking wrote the book A Brief History of Time in 1988.
5. I can speak English a little, but not very fluently.
6. Please give me some more coffee.
7. The students didn’t pay much attention to the lecture.
8. Can’t you see this book, it’s right here!
9. I have been reading for many hours now, and 1 am still in the first chapter, (much/ many)
10. Give me a few pencils to colour this picture, (few/a few)

Exercise II.

Identify and correct the mistakes in the use of determiners.

1. How many free time does he have to spare for the social cause?
2. She never makes much mistakes in grammar.
3. I gave her an advice.
4. She found several informations on the internet.
5. India is facing much challenges.
6. He bought notebook at the book store.
7. My brother went to the supermarket to pick up some few things.
8. Every day I drink glass of milk.
9. Do you often get this headaches?
10. An education is important for economic security.
Answers:
1. How much free time does he have to spare for the social cause?
2. She never makes many mistakes in grammar.
3. I gave her some/a piece of advice
4. She found a lot of information on the internet.
5. India is facing many challenges.
6. He bought a notebook at the book store.
7. My brother went to the supermarket to pick up a few things.
8. Every day I drink glass of milk.
9. Do you often get these headaches?
10. Education is important for economic security.

Exercise III.

Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct determiner from the box.

1. How _________ homework have you completed?
2. I need to finish _________ English essay that I started in the morning.
3. My friend took _________ small gift for the child in the orphanage.
4. My sister rarely drinks _________ coffee.
5. When you are driving, it is advisable to carry _________ cash in your wallet.
6. _________ candidate was declared successful.
7. The street looks deserted. There are _________  people around.
8. Excuse me, _________ pencil is this?
9. He has two sisters _________ sisters like playing basketball.
10. I have _________ time for sports.
Answers
1. How much homework have you completed?
2. I need to finish the English essay that I started in the morning.
3. My friend took a small gift for the child in the orphanage.
4. My sister rarely drinks any coffee.
5. When you are driving, it is advisable to carry some cash in your wallet.
6. Every candidate was declared successful.
7. The street looks deserted. There are few people around.
8. Excuse me, whose pencil is this?
9. He has two sisters. Both sisters like playing basketball.
10. I have little time for sports.

Post-Reading Activity

Question 1.
Write about your views on people’s attitude towards new ideas and change.
Answer:
I strongly believe that the opinion of people is ephemeral, lasting for a very short time. Particularly, the attitude of the people changes in no time when it comes to new ideas and thoughts. For example, Alfred Tennyson’s poem The Flower’ is a classic instance of how people are on constant flight in their attitude towards the ‘flower’. The flower grows tall and attractive irrespective of the opinions of the people. Initially, people call the flower a ‘weed’. Later they view it as ‘splendid flower’. In the end, the same people again call the flower ‘a weed’.

I feel that people change their opinions from time to time. For example, people expressed apprehensions about the efficacy of the vaccine against corona virus when different vaccines have been announced. They feared to come forward to get inoculated with the jabs.

Later on they changed their attitude towards the vaccines and slowly started believing in their use. Now people are interested in the jab and demanding for vaccines. I am sure in the course of time people would treat the vaccine and vaccination as common as a daily routine without much interest towards them.

I also opine that we should have a strong belief in our convictions, irrespective of others’ views. We should keep in mind that the attitude of people is not static and but dynamic for no reasons. Hence,in the poem ‘The Flower”, Alfred Tennyson urges us to be equally indifferent to praise and criticism from the fickle-minded throngs of people.

The poem ‘The Flower’ is a wry comment on the nature of human beings. People are unsure and apprehensive about new or original ideas and things. Therefore, they tend to reject the unfamiliar as worthless and harmful. The people are happy with the familiar things. I appeal to all of you to read Tennyson’s poem and understand the unstated moral of the story in the poem.

OU Degree 4th Sem English Study Material

OU Degree 4th Sem English – The Kitemaker Questions and Answers & Summary

Comprehension I (Short Answer Questions)

Question 1.
What was Mehmood doing when Ali woke him up?
Answer:
Mehmood was sitting in the sunshine of their back courtyard nodding dreamily, when Ali woke him up.

Question 2.
What did Mehmood do when Ali lost his kite?
Answer:
When Ali lost his kite, Mehmood the kitemaker made a new kite from bamboo paper and thin silk, and it lay in the sun, firming up. The kite was pale pink in colour, with a small green tail. Finally, Mehmood the old man handed it to his grandson Ali.

Question 3.
Why do so few people buy kites these days?
Answer:
In his story, Ruskin Bond explained that not many people bought kites these days. The author viewed that adults disdained them, and children preferred to spend their money at the cinema. In addition to that, there were not many open spaces left for the flying of kites. Now the city had swallowed up the open grassland that had stretched from the old fort’s walls to the river bank.

Question 4.
What were the various things that people did when they fly kites in the past?
Answer:
According to Mehmood, the old man remembered a time when grown men flew kites. Then the people fought great battles with their kites. During the kite flying competitions, the kites were swerving and swooping in the sky, tangling with each other until the string of one was severed.

Ruskin Bond was philosophical when he explained that the defeated but liberated kite would float away into the blue unknown. While the kite flying competitions were going on, there was a good deal of betting, and money frequently changed hands.

Question 5.
What was the name of the special kite that Mehmood made at die request of the nawab? What happened to it?
Answer:
The name of the special kite that Mehmood made at the request of the nawab was the ‘Dragon Kite’. At the first attempt it refused to leave the ground. However with great difficulty, it went very high, and started pulling fiercely on the twine. Mehmood’s young sons had to help him with the reel.

Still the kite pulled. Within no time, the twine snapped, leading the kite leaping away toward the sun, sailing on heavenward until it was lost to view. It was never, found again. Mehmood did not make another like it.

Question 6.
How many sons does Mehmood have? Where are they?
Answer:
Mehmood has two sons: one is working in a local garage and the other, who is in Pakistan at the time of the Partition, has not been able to rejoin his relatives.

Question 7.
Which two trees are Mehmood and Ali compared to? How is the ending related to the beginning of the story?
Answer:
Mehmood was compared to the banyan tree and his hands gnarled and twisted like the roots of the ancient tree. Similarly, his grandson Ali was compared to the young mimosa that was planted at the end of their courtyard. In two years both Ali and the mimosa tree would acquire the strength and confidence of their early youth.

Ruskin Bond skilfully related the ending with the beginning. In the beginning of the story, Ali’s kite was stuck in the branches of the banyan tree. In the end the same tom kite was lifted in the air liberating itself info the heavens. The story is an example of Ruskin Bond’s philosophical view of life and his extraordinary writing skills.

Question 8.
What does Mehmood dream of and what is it compared to?
Answer:
Mehmood dreamt of a beautiful and powerful kite. The kite is compared to the great white bird of the Hindus – Garuda, God Vishnu’s famous steed.

Question 9.
What did Ali find when he came asking about his mother?
Answer:
Ali was at the courtyard door, asking if his mother had yet returned from the bazaar. When Mehmood did not answer, the boy came forward repeating his question. The sunlight was slanting across the old man’s head, and a small white butterfly rested on his flowing beard.

Mehmood was silent. When Ali put his small brown hand on the old man’s shoulder, he met with no response. The boy heard a faint sound, like the rubbing of marbles in his pocket. He realised that his grandfather was no more and ran down the stret shouting for his mother.

Question 10.
What happens to the kite at the very end of the story? How is the ending related to the beginning of the story?
Answer:
In the beginning of the story, Ali’s kite was stuck in the branches of the banyan tree. In the end the same tom kite was lifted in the air liberating itself into the heavens. The story is an example of Ruskin Bond’s philosophical view of life and his extraordinary writing skills.

Comprehension II (Essay Type Answer Questions)

Question 1.
Write an account of the lifestyle of the people in the past, as described in the story “The Kitemaker”.
Answer:
Ruskin Bond (born 1934) is a renowned Indian English author. He is popular for his books for children and young adults. He wrote his first novel, The Room on the Roof when he was 17 years old and went on publishing more than a 100 books-novels, novellas, collections of stories, essays, and so on.

The Blue Mountain, a Hindi film that was awarded the National Film Award for Best Children’s Film in 2007, was based on his story of the ‘ same name, and the Hindi film Junoon(1978) was based on his story “A Flight of Pigeons”.

He received two awards from the SahityaAkademi- the Annual Akademi Award in 1992 for his anthology of stories Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra and the ‘BalSahityaPuraskar’ in 2012 for “Total Contribution to Children’s Literature”.

He was also honoured with the Pcidma Shri (1999) and the Padma Bhushan (2014). Ruskin Bond’s present story”The Kitemaker” is a moving story about an expert kitemaker. The story is based on the recollection of Mehmood’s past experience as a master kitemaker.  In the past, the people, young and adults alike, had the time for leisurely pastimes such as kite flying. They had the aesthetic sense to patronize crafts such as kite making. Mehmood recalls that kite flying was considered as a sport of kings.

Even the Nawab used to participate in the flying of kites. Then people used to bet with money during kite flying competitions held in the open and spacious places. In this way, the write recreates a bygone era through Mehmood’s reverie.

Question 2.
Describe the life style of the people in the present, as depicted in “The Kitemaker”.
Answer:
Ruskin Bond (bore 1934) is a renowned Indian English author. He is popular for his books for children and young adults. He wrote his first novel, The Room on the Roof when he was 17 years old and went on publishing more than a 100 books-novels, novellas, collections of stories, essays, and so on. Ruskin Bond’s present story ”The Kitemaker” is a moving story about an expert kitemaker. The story is based on the recollection of Mehmood’s past experience as a master kitemaker.

In the past, the people, young and adults alike, had the time for leisurely pastimes such as kite flying. They had the aesthetic sense to patronize crafts such as kite making. Mehmood recalls that kite flying was considered as a sport of kings. Even the Nawab used to participate in the flying of kites. Then people used to bet with money during kite flying competitions held in the open and spacious places. In this way, the write recreates a bygone era through Mehmood’s reverie.

However, in the present the life style has changed a lot. The adults disdain from kite flying. Children prefer to spend their money at the cinema. Sadly, there are not many open spaces for flying kites. The city has swallowed up the open grasslands.

In the hustle and bustle of modem materialistic city life, people struggle for a living. No one cares about Mehmood and his art. Bond nicely describes the contrast in the attitude of the ancient and modem people towards Mehmood and his mastery of kite making.

Question 3.
Contrast the status of Mehmood in the past with that in the present.
Answer:
Ruskin Bond’s present story ”The Kitemaker” is a moving story about an expert kitemaker. The story is based on the recollection of Mehmood’s past experience as a master kitemaker. In the past, the people, young and adults alike, had the time for leisurely pastimes such as kite flying.

They had the aesthetic sense to patronize crafts such as kite making. Mehmood recalls that kite flying was considered as a sport of kings. Even the Nawab used to participate in the flying of kites. Then people used to bet with money during kite flying competitions held in the open and spacious places. In this way, the write recreates a bygone era through Mehmood’s reverie.

However, in the present the life style has changed a lot. The adults disdain from kite flying. Children prefer to spend their money at the cinema. Sadly, there are not many open spaces for flying kites. The city has swallowed up the open grasslands. In the hustle and bustle of modem materialistic city life, people struggle for a living.

No one cares about Mehmood and his art. Bond nicely describes the contrast in the attitude of the ancient and modern people towards Mehmood and his mastery of kite making. Mehmood once made his living from making kites. However as he grew older there were less people looking for kites and the long serving tradition that had made Mehmood a living eventually died out. Now Mehmood is left alone. It is as though he is unknown by people apart from his family.

However, it is interesting that Mehmood still perseveres with making kites even if it is only to please his grandson Ali. Due to this contrast attitude of the people of the present and past towards kite flying and kitemaker Mehmood, he is presently living in poverty and despair, compared with his golden period of the past.

Question 4.
Attempt a character sketch of Mehmood as an expert kitemaker.
Answer:
Ruskin Bond (born 1934) is a renowned Indian English author. He is popular for his books for children and young adults. “The Kitemaker” is a moving story about an expert kitemaker. The story is based on the recollection of Mehmood’s past experience as a master kitemaker.

Mehmood is the protagonist of the story. Watching his grandson Ali flies kites, Mehmood recollects a time when he was well-known throughout the city for his special kits, like the ‘Dragon Kite and Musical kite, etc. He would earn three or four rupees for each kite.

In the past, the people, young and adults alike, had the time for leisurely pastimes such as kite flying. They had the aesthetic sense to patronize crafts such as kite making. Mehmood recalls that kite flying was considered as a sport of kings. Even the Nawab used to participate in the flying of kites.

Then people used to bet with money during kite flying competitions held in the open and spacious places. In this way, the write recreates a bygone era through Mehmood’s reverie. In the present the life style has changed a lot. The adults disdain from kite flying.

Children prefer to spend their money at the cinema. Sadly, there are not many open spaces for flying kites. The city has swallowed up the open grasslands. In the hustle and bustle of modem materialistic city life, people struggle for a living. No one cares about Mehmoodand his art. Bond nicely describes the contrast in the attitude of the ancient and modem people towards Mehmood and his mastery of kite making.

Ruskin Bond uses many symbols – banyan tree, butterfly, mimosa tree, Garuda, God Vishnu’s famous steed, birds, stringed and severed kites- with telling effect to depict the nature of human life. Bond describes, “Mehmood was like the banyan tree and his hands were gnarled and twisted like the roots of the ancient tree.” When Mehmood dies, Bond symbolically describes, “a sudden gust of wind…carrying it (the kite) far above the struggling city into the blind sky.”

Question 5.
Explain the symbolism of the kites and the trees in the story “The Kitemaker”.
Answer:
Ruskin Bond (born 1934) is a renowned Indian English author. He is popular for his books for children and young adults. He wrote his first novel, The Room on the Roof when he was 17 years old and went on publishing more than a 100 books-novels, novellas, collections of stories, essays, -and so on.

Ruskin Bond’s present story”The Kitemaker” is a moving story about an expert kitemaker. The story is based on the recollection of Mehmood’s past experience as a master kitemaker. Ruskin Bond uses many symbols – banyan tree, butterfly, mimosa tree, Garuda, God Vishnu’s famous steed, birds, stringed and severed kites- with telling effect to depict the nature of human life.

Bond describes, “Mehmood was like the banyan tree and his hands were gnarled and twisted like the roots of the ancient tree.” When Mehmood dies, Bond symbolically describes, “a sudden gust of wind…carrying it (the kite) far above the struggling city into the blind sky.”

According to Mehmood, theold man remembered a time when grown men flew kites. Then the people fought great battles with their kites. During the kite flying competitions, the dates were swerving and swooping in the sky, tangling with each other until the string of one was severed.

Ruskin Bond was philosophical when he explained that the defeated but liberated kite would float away into the blue unknown. While the kite flying competitions were going on, there was a good deal of betting, and money frequently changed hands.

Mehmood was compared to the banyan tree and his hands gnarled and twisted like the roots of the ancient tree. Similarly, his grandson Ali was compared to the young mimosa that was planted at the end of their courtyard. In two years both Ali and the mimosa tree would acquire the strength and confidence of their early youth. Ruskin Bond skilfully related the ending with the beginning.

In the beginning of the story, Ali’s kite was stuck in the branches of the banyan tree. In the end the same tom kite was lifted in the air liberating itself into the heavens.  The story is full of symbols such as kites and trees and is an example of Ruskin Bond’s philosophical view of life and his extraordinary writing skills.

Question 6.
Discuss the author’s attitude towards the past and the present in the story “The Kitemaker”.
Answer:
Ruskin Bond (born 1934) is a renowned Indian English author. He is popular for his books for children and young adults. “The Kitemaker” is a moving story about an expert kitemaker. The story is based on the recollection of Mehmood’s past experience as a master kitemaker.

Watching his grandson Ali flies kites, Mehmood recollects a time when he was well- known throughout the city for his special kits, like the ‘Dragon Kite and Musical kite, etc. He would earn three or four rupees for each kite. In the past, the people, young and adults alike, had the time for leisurely pastimes such as kite flying.

They had the aesthetic sense to patronize crafts such as kite making. Mehmood recalls that kite flying was considered as a sport of kings. Even the Nawab used to participate in the flying of kites. Then people used to bet with money during kite flying competitions held in the open and spacious places. In this way, the write recreates a bygone era through Mehmood’s reverie.

In the present the life style has changed a lot. The adults disdain from kite flying. Children prefer to spend their money at the cinema. Sadly, there are not many open spaces for flying kites. The city has swallowed up the open grasslands. In the hustle and bustle of modem materialistic city life, people struggle for a living. No one cares about Mehmood and his art.

Therefore, the author beautifully displayed the strikingly contrast attitude of the people in the past and in the present towards the hobby of kite flying and kitemakers. Ruskin Bond nicely describes the contrast in the attitude of the ancient and modem people towards Mehmood and his mastery of kite making.

The Kitemaker Poem Summary in English

Ruskin Bond (born 1934) is a renowned Indian English author. He is popular for his books for children and young adults. He wrote his first novel, The Room on the Roof when he was 17 years old and went on publishing more than a 100 books-novels, novellas, collections of stories, essays, and so on. The Blue Mountain, a Hindi film that was awarded the National Film Award same name, and the Hindi film Junoon(1978)was based on his story “A Flight of Pigeons”.

He received two awards from the Sahitya Akademi- the Annual Akademi Award in 1992 for his anthology of stories Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra and the ‘BalSahityaPuraskar’ in 2012 for “Total Contribution to Children’s Literature”. He was also honoured with the Padma Shri (1999) and the Padma Bhushan (2014).

Ruskin Bond’s present story ’’The Kitemaker” is a moving story about an expert kitemaker. The story is based on the recollection of Mehmood’s past experience as a master kitemaker. Watching his grandson Ali flies kites, Mehmood recollects a time when he was well-known throughout the city for his special kits, like the ‘Dragon Kite and Musical kite, etc.

He would earn three or four rupees for each kite. In the past, the people, young and adults alike, had the time for leisurely pastimes such as kite flying. They had the aesthetic sense to patronize crafts such as kite making. Mehmood recalls that kite flying was considered as a sport of kings.

Even the Nawab used to participate in the flying of kites. Then people used to bet with money during kite flying competitions held in the open and spacious places. In this way, the write recreates a bygone era through Mehmood’s reverie.

In the present the life style has changed a lot. The adults disdain from kite flying. Children prefer to spend their money at the cinema. Sadly, there are not many open spaces for flying kites. The city has swallowed up the open grasslands. In the hustle and bustle of modem materialistic city life, people struggle for a living. No one cares about Mehmood and his art.

Bond nicely describes the contrast in the attitude of the ancient and modem people towards Mehmood and his mastery of kite making. Ruskin Bond uses many symbols – banyan tree, butterfly, mimosa tree, Garuda, God Vishnu’s famous steed, birds, stringed and severed kites- with telling effect to depict the nature of human life.

Bond describes, “Mehmood was like the banyan tree and his hands were gnarled and twisted like the roots of the ancient tree.” When Mehmood dies, Bond symbolically describes, “a sudden gust of wind… carrying it (the kite) far above the struggling city into the blind sky.”

The Kitemaker Poem Summary in Telugu

రస్కిస్ బాండ్ (జననం 1934) ప్రఖ్యాత భారతీయ ఆంగ్ల రచయిత. అతను పిల్లలు మరియు యువకుల కోసం తన పుస్తకాలకు ప్రసిద్ది చెందాడు. అతను తన మొదటి నవల, ది రూమ్ ఆన్ ది రూఫ్ ను 17 సంవత్సరాల వయస్సులో వ్రాసాడు మరియు 100 కు పైగా పుస్తకాలు-నవలలు, నవలలు, కథల సేకరణలు, వ్యాసాలు మరియు మొదలైనవి ప్రచురించాడు.

2007 లో ఉత్తమ పిల్లల చిత్రానికి జాతీయ చలనచిత్ర పురస్కారం లభించిన ది హిందీ చిత్రం ది ఐ్లూ మౌంటైన్, అదే పేరుతో అతని కథ ఆధారంగా, మరియు హిందీ చిత్రం జునూన్ (1978) అతని కథ “ఎ ఫైట్ ఆఫ్ పావురాలు” ఆధారంగా రూపొందించబడింది. 1992 లో సాహిత్య అకాడమీ- వార్షిక అకాడమీ అవార్డు నుండి డెహ్రాలో అవర్ ట్రీస్ స్టిల్ గ్రో మరియు “పిల్లల సాహిత్యానికి మొత్తం సహకారం” కోసం 2012 లో “బాల్ సాహిత్య పురస్కర్” కథల సంకలనం కోసం రెండు అవార్డులు అందుకున్నారు. పద్మశశ్రీ (1999), పద్మ భూషణ్ (2014) లతో సత్కరించారు.

రస్కిన్ బాండ్ యొక్క ప్రస్తుత కథ “ది కిట్మేకర్” అనేది నిపుబులైన కిట్మేకర్ గురించి కదిలే కథ. మాస్టర్ కైట్ మేకర్గా మెహమూద్ గత అనుభవాన్ని గుర్తుచేసుకోవడం ఆధారంగా ఈ కథ రూపొందించబడింది. తన మనవడు అలీ గాలిపటాలను చూస్తూ, మెహమూద్ తన .ప్రత్యేక వస్తు సామగ్రి, ‘డ్రాగన్ కైట్ మరియు మ్యూజికల్ కైట్’ వంటి వాటికి నగరమంతా సుపరిచితుడైన సమయాన్ని గుర్తుచేసుకుంటాడు. అతను ప్రతి గాలిపటం కోసం మూడు లేదా నాలుగు రూపాయలు సంపాదించేవాడు.

గతంలో, ప్రజలు, యువకులు మరియు పెద్దలు, గాలిపటం ఎగురుట వంది ీీరిక కాలక్షేపాలకు సమయం ఉండేవారు. గాలిపటం తయారీ వంది చేతిపనులని పోషించడానికి వారికి సౌందర్య భావం ఉంది. గాలిపటం ఎగరరుట రాజుల క్రీడగా పరిగణించబడిందని మెహమూద్ గుర్తు చేసుకున్నారు. నవాబు కూడా గాలిపటాల ఎగురుతూ ఉండేవాడు.

బహిరంగ మరియు విశాలమైన ప్రదేశాలలో జరిగే గాలిపటం ఎగిరే పోదీలలో ప్రజలు డబ్బుతో పందెం వేసేవారు. ఈ విధంగా, ప్రాత మెహమూద్ యొక్క పున ప్రారంధం ద్వారా పూర్వ . యుగాన్ని పున సృష్జిస్తుంది.

ప్రస్తుతం జీవన విధానం చాలా మారిపోయింది. పెద్దలు గాలిపటం ఎగురుతూ ఉండరు. పిల్లలు తమ డబ్బును సినిమా వద్ద ఖర్చు చేయడానికి ఇష్టపడతారు. పాపం, ఎగిరే గాలిపటాల కోసం చాలా బహిరంగ ప్రదేశాలు లేవు. నగరం బహిరంగ పచ్చికభూములను మింగేసింది. ఆధునిక భౌతికవాద నగర

జీవితం యొక్క హస్టిల్ లో, ప్రజలు జీవించడానికి కష్టపడుతున్నారు. మెహమూద్ మరియు అతని కళ గురించి ఎవరూ పట్టించుకోరు. మెహమూద్ పట్ల పురాతన మరియు ఆధునిక ప్రజల వైఖరి మరియు గాలిపటం తయారీలో అతని పాండిత్యం బాండ్ చక్కగా వివరిస్తుంది.

రస్కిన్ బాండ్ అనేక చిహ్నాలను ఉపయోగిస్తుంది – మర్రి చెట్టు, సీతాకోకచిలుక, మిమోసా చెట్టు, గరుడ, దేవుడు విష్ణు యొక్క ప్రసిద్ధ స్టీడ్, పక్షులు, తీగ మరియు కత్తిరించిన గాలిపటాలు- మానవ జీవిత స్వభావాన్ని వర్ణించటానికి ప్రభావంతో.

బాండ్ వివరిస్తూ, “మెహమూద్ మర్రి చెట్టు లాందిది మరియు అతని చేతులు పురాతన చెట్టు యొక్క మూలాల వలె మెలితిప్పినట్లు మరియు వక్రీకృతమయ్యాయి.” .మెహమూద్ చనిపోయినప్పుడు, బాండ్ ప్రతీకగా వివరిస్తూ, “అకస్మాత్తుగా గాలి దాన్ని (గాలిపటం) పోరాడుతున్న నగరానికి చాలా దూరం అంధ ఆకాశంలోకి తీసుకువెళుతుంది.”

Glossary:

OU Degree 4th Sem English Study Material

OU Degree 4th Sem English – Flower Poem Questions and Answers & Summary

Comprehension I (Short Answer Questions)

Question 1.
What did the people call the flower at first?
Answer:
The poet says that when the narrator sows a ‘seed’ and it sprouts a ‘flower’. At first, the people called the flower a “weed”.

Question 2.
How did they react when they saw it in the garden?
Answer:
The poem explains how people react to the growth of a ‘flower’. The narrator sowed a ‘seed’ and it sprouted a ‘flower’. However, people started calling it a “weed.” They criticized and cursed the narrator as well as the flower with ‘muttering discontent’.

Question 3.
Did people’s curses have any effect on the growth of the flower?
Answer:
Number People’s curse had no effect on the growth of the flower. The flower grew tall and attractive irrespective of the opinions of the people. Similarly, we should have a strong belief in our convictions, irrespective of others’ views. Therefore, Alfred Tennyson urges us to be indifferent to praise and criticism. This is the unstated moral of the story.

Question 4.
What happened when the plant grew tall?
Answer:
When the plant grew tall, it wore “a crown of light”. Once, the poet planted a seed, it blossomed into a beautiful flowering some good time that over the years. The “crown of light” refers to the flowering of the plant and the flower kept on growing in beauty and brilliance.

Question 5.
What did the thieves do with the stolen seed?
Answer:
When the plant grew tall, it wore “a crown of light”. Once, the poet planted a seed, it blossomed into a beautiful flower in some good time that over the years. The “crown of light” refers to the flowering of the plant and the flower kept on growing in beauty and brilliance. Then thieves stole its seeds at night. The stolen seeds were sowed in far off cities and towns.

Question 6.
How did the people react when the flower grew everywhere?
Answer:
When the flower grows tall and attractive, thieves stole its seeds at night. The stolen seeds were sowed in far off cities and towns. The same people are also curious. The people appreciated the beauty of the flowers produced by the seeds. They started cried “Splendid is the flower.”

Question 7.
What happened to the quality and beauty of the flower when the seed was cast everywhere?
Answer:
When the seed was cast everywhere, there was no change in the quality and beauty of the flower. The flower grew tall and attractive irrespective of the opinions of the people. Similarly, we should have a strong belief in our convictions, irrespective of others’ views. Therefore, Alfred Tennyson urges us to be indifferent to praise and criticism. This is the unstated moral of the story.

Question 8.
How did the people view the flower when it became commonplace?
Answer:
When the flower grows tall and attractive, the same people are also curious. And they start appropriating it as a ‘splendid flower’. As the time progresses, the new is adopted widely and assimilated into the old. Gradually, it loses it novelty and becomes commonplace. Once again, people lose interest in it and abandon it as useless. Finally the same people call the flower ‘weed’.

Comprehension II (Essay Type Answer Questions)

Question 1.
Explain the central idea of the poem, ‘The Flower’,
Answer:
Alfred Lord Tennyson was a famous Victorian poet. He was the poet laureate of England from 1850 to 1892. Tennyson was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and Scientific Inventions at that time. His well-known poems include “In Memoriam”, “Ulysses”, and “The Lotus-Eater’. Tennyson called his present poem “The Flower” as “My Little Fable”.

The central idea of the poem is about the way people react to the new ideas and things. Here the poem explains how people react to the growth of a ‘flower’. The narrator sows a ‘seed’ and it sprouts a ‘flower’. But people call it a ‘weed.’ They criticise and curse the narrator as well as the flower with ‘muttering discontent’. When the flower grows tall and attractive, the same people are also curious. And they start appropriating it as a ‘splendid flower’.

As the time progresses, the new is adopted widely and assimilated into the old. Gradually, it loses it novelty and becomes commonplace. Once again, people lose interest in it and abandon it as useless. Finally the same people call the flower ‘weed’. Tennyson calls his poem ‘The Flower’ My little Fable’. It should be read as a “universal apologue and parable”. Etymologically, the word ‘fable’ means ‘a tale, parable or an allegory which tells a moral story. ’ Here the poem also tells some short moral story.

The flower grows tall and attractive irrespective of the opinions of the people. Initially, people call the flower a ‘weed’. Later they view it as ‘splendid flower. In the end, the same people again call the flower ‘a weed’. People change their opinions from time to time. We should have a strong belief in our convictions, irrespective of others’ views.

Hence Alfred Tennyson urges us to be indifferent to praise and criticism. This is the unstated moral of the story. The poem The Flower’ is a wry comment on the nature of human beings. People are unsure and apprehensive about the new or original ideas or things. So they tend to reject the unfamiliar as worthless and harmful. The people are happy with the familiar things.

Question 2.
Discuss the use of the opposites (light and night, sees and weed, cast and stole) in the poem, ‘The Flower’.
Answer:
Tennyson called his present poem “The Flower” as “My Little Fable”.The central idea of the poem is about the way people react to the new ideas and things. Here the poem explains how people react to the growth of a ‘flower’. The narrator sows a ‘seed’ and it sprouts a ‘flower’. But people call it a ‘weed.’ They criticise and curse the narrator as well as the flower with ‘muttering discontent’.

When the flower grows tall and attractive, the same people are also curious. And they start appropriating it as a ‘splendid flower’. As the time progresses, the new is adopted widely and assimilated into the old. Gradually, it loses it novelty and becomes commonplace. Once again, people lose interest in it and abandon it as useless. Finally the same people call the flower ‘weed’.

Tennyson’s poetry is full of rhyme and rhythm. The poem “The Flower’ represents his poetic genius for its use of the opposites: light and night, sees and weed, cast and stole. After the seed is cast (sown), it is stolen by some thieves. Here the two words ‘cast’ and ‘steal’ are opposite in meaning. The words ‘seed’ and ‘weed’ are opposite to each other. In the same way, the flower represents ‘light’ but the people, who are in dark, are in ‘night’. Therefore, Tennyson is a poetic genius and his poetry is full of rhythm and music.

Question 3.
Explain why the story of the flower is called a ‘fable’. What qualities of a fable does the poem have?
Answer:
Tennyson calls his poem ‘The Flower’ My little Fable’. It should be read as a “universal apologue and parable”. Etymologically, the word ‘fable’ means a tale, parable or an allegory which tells a moral story.’ Here the poem also tells some short moral story. The flower grows tall and attractive irrespective of the opinions of the people. Initially, people call the flower a ‘weed’. Later they view it as ‘splendid flower’.

In the end, the same people again call the flower ‘a weed’. People change their opinions from time to time. We should have a strong belief in our convictions, irrespective of others’ views. Hence Alfred Tennyson urges us to be indifferent to praise and criticism. This is the unstated moral of the story.The poem The Flower’ is a wry comment on the nature of human beings. People are unsure and apprehensive about the new or original ideas or things. So they tend to reject the unfamiliar as worthless and harmful. The people are happy with the familiar things.

Question 4.
The speaker of the poem says that the meaning of the poem is clear and uncomplicated. Do you agree? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Tennyson called his present poem “The Flower” as “My Little Fable”. The central idea of the poem is about the way people react to the new ideas and things. Here the poem explains how people react to the growth of a ‘flower’.

The narrator sows a ‘seed’ and it sprouts a ‘flower’. But people call it a ‘weed.’ They criticise and curse the narrator as well as the flower with ‘muttering discontent’. When the flower grows tall and attractive, the same people are also curious. And they start appropriating it as a ‘splendid flower’.

As the time progresses, the new is adopted widely and assimilated into the old. Gradually, it loses it novelty and becomes commonplace. Once again, people lose interest in it and abandon it as useless. Finally the same people call the flower ‘weed’. The speaker of the poem says that the meaning of clear and uncomplicated. He says:

Read my little fable.
He that runs may read.

However, the poem is not clear in its meaning and complicated one. It throws up multiple interpretations. The flower in the poem is interpreted in different ways: as the Industrial Revolution, Christianity or Tennyson’s own poetry.

In Tennyson’s days, it was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. However, Tennyson suggested that the poem be read as a “universal apologue and parable”. The narrator reflects while everyone may see things differently, they should avoid jumping to conclusions on their opinions of things.

Question 5.
Explain the unstated moral of the story of the flower.
Answer:
The central idea of Tennyson’s poem “The Flower” is about the way people react to the new ideas and things. Here the poem explains how people react to the growth of a ‘flower’. The narrator sows a ‘seed’ and it sprouts a ‘flower’. But people call it a ‘weed.’ They criticise and curse the narrator as well as the flower with ‘muttering discontent’.

When the flower grows tall and attractive, the same people are also curious. And they start appropriating it as a ‘splendid flower’. As the time progresses, the new is adopted widely and assimilated into the old. Gradually, it loses it novelty and becomes commonplace. Once again, people lose interest in it and abandon it as useless. Finally the same people call the flower ‘weed’.

Tennyson calls his poem ‘The Flower’ My little Fable’. It should be read as a “universal apologue and parable”. Etymologically, the word ‘fable’ means ‘a tale, parable or an allegory which tells a moral story.’ Here the poem also tells some short moral story. The flower grows tall and attractive irrespective of the opinions of the people. Initially, people call the flower a ‘weed’.

Later they view it as ‘splendid flower’. In the end, the same people again call the flower ‘a weed’. People change their opinions from time to time. We should have a strong belief in our convictions, irrespective of others’ views. Hence Alfred Tennyson urges us to be indifferent to praise and criticism. This is the unstated moral of the story.

Question 6.
Discuss the poem, ‘The Flower’ as a commentary on human nature.
Answer:
Alfred Lord Tennyson was a famous Victorian poet. He was the poet laureate of England from 1850 to 1892. Tennyson was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and Scientific Inventions at that time. His well-known poems include “In Memoriam’S “Ulysses”, and “The Lotus-Eater’.

Tennyson called his present poem “The Flower” as “My Little Fable”. The central idea of the poem is about the way people react to the new ideas and things. Here the poem explains how people react to the growth of a ‘flower’. The narrator sows a ‘seed’ and it sprouts a ‘flower’. But people call it a ‘weed.’ They criticise and curse the narrator as well as the flower with ‘muttering discontent’.

When the flower grows tall and attractive, the same people are also curious. And they start appropriating it as a ‘splendid flower’. As the time progresses, the new is adopted widely and assimilated into the old. Gradually, it loses it novelty and becomes commonplace. Once again, people lose interest in it and abandon it as useless. Finally the same people call the flower ‘weed’.The speaker of the poem says that the meaning of clear and uncomplicated. He says:

Read my little fable.
He that runs may read.

But the poem is not clear in its meaning and complicated one. It throws up multiple interpretations. The flower in the poem is interpreted in different ways: as the Industrial Revolution, Christianity or Tennyson’s own poetry.

In Tennyson’s days, it was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. However, Tennyson suggested that the poem be read as a “universal apologue and parable”. The narrator reflects while everyone may see things differently, they should avoid jumping to conclusions on their opinions of things.

Tennyson cedis his poem ‘The Flower’ My little Fable’. It should be read as a “universal apologue and parable”. Etymologically, the word ‘fable’ means ‘a tale, parable or an allegory which tells a moral story.’ Here the poem also tells some short moral story. The flower grows tall and attractive irrespective of the opinions of the people. Initially, people call the flower a ‘weed’.

Later they view it as ‘splendid flower’. In the end, the same people again call the flower ‘a weed’. People change their opinions from time to time. We should have a strong belief in our convictions, irrespective of others’ views. Hence Alfred Tennyson urges us to be indifferent to praise and criticism. This is the unstated moral of the story.

The poem ‘The Flower’ is a wry comment on the nature of human beings. People are unsure and apprehensive about the new or original ideas or things. So they tend to reject the unfamiliar as worthless and harmful. The people are happy with the familiar things.

Flower Poem Summary in English

Alfred Lord Tennyson was a famous Victorian poet. He was the poet laureate of England from 1850 to 1892. Tennyson was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and Scientific Inventions at that time. His well-known poems include “In Memoriam”, “Ulysses”, and “The Lotus-Eater’.

Tennyson called his present poem “The Flower” as “My Little Fable”. The central idea of the poem is about the way people react to the new ideas and things. Here the poem explains how people react to the growth of a ‘flower’. The narrator sows a ‘seed’ and it sprouts a ‘flower’.

But people call it a ‘weed.’ They criticise and curse the narrator as well as the flower with ‘muttering discontent’. When the flower grows tall and attractive, the same people are also curious. And they start appropriating it as a ‘splendid flower’. As the time progresses, the new is adopted widely and assimilated into the old.

Gradually, it loses it novelty and becomes commonplace. Once again, people lose interest in it and abandon it as useless. Finally the same people call the flower ‘weed’. The speaker of the poem says that the meaning of clear and uncomplicated. He says:

Read my little fable.
He that runs may read.

But the poem is not clear in its meaning and complicated one. It throws up multiple interpretations. The flower in the poem is interpreted in different ways: as the Industrial Revolution, Christianity or Tennyson’s own poetry. In Tennyson’s days, it was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

However, Tennyson suggested that the poem be read as a “universal apologue and parable”. The narrator reflects while everyone may see things differently, they should avoid jumping to conclusions on their opinions of things.

Tennyson’s poetry is full of rhyme and rhythm. The poem “The Flower’ represents his poetic genius for its use of the opposites: light and night, sees and weed, cast and stole. After the seed is cast (sown), it is stolen by some thieves. Here the two words ‘cast’ and ‘steal’ are opposite in meaning. The words ‘seed’ and ‘weed’ are opposite to each other. In the same way, the flower represents ‘light’ but the people, who are in dark, are in ‘night’.

Tennyson calls his poem ‘The Flower’ My little Fable’. It should be read as a “universal apologue and parable”. Etymologically, the word ‘fable’ means ‘a tale, parable or an allegory which tells a moral story.’ Here the poem also tells some short moral story. The flower grows tall and attractive irrespective of the opinions of the people. Initially, people call the flower a ‘weed’.

Later they view it as ‘splendid flower’. In the end, the same people again call the flower ‘a weed’. People change their opinions from time to time. We should have a strong belief in our convictions, irrespective of others’ views. Hence Alfred Tennyson urges us to be indifferent to praise and criticism. This is the unstated moral of the story.

The poem ‘The Flower’ is a wry comment on the nature of human beings. People are unsure and apprehensive about the new or original ideas or things. So they tend to reject the unfamiliar as worthless and harmful. The people are happy with the familiar things.

Flower Poem Summary in Telugu

ఆల్ఫైడ్ లార్డ్ టెన్నిసన్ ఒక ప్రసిద్ధ విక్టోరియన్ కవి. అతను 1850 నుండి 1892 వరకు ఇంగ్లాండ్ కవి గ్రహీత. టెన్నిసన్ ఆ సమయంలో పారిశ్రామిక విప్లవం మరియు శాస్తీయ ఆవిష్కరణలచే ప్రభావితమయ్యాడు. అతని ప్రసిద్ధ కవితలలో “ఇన్ మెమోరియం”, “యులిస్సెస్” మరియు “ది లోటస్ఈటర్” ఉన్నాయి.

టెన్నిసన్ తన ప్రస్తుత కవితను “ది ఫ్లవర్” ను “మై లిటిల్ ఫేబుల్” అని పిలిచాడు. పద్యం యొక్క ముఖ్యమైన ఆలోచన ప్రజులు కొత్త ఆలోచనలు మరియు విషయాలపై స్పందించే విధానం గురించి. ‘పువ్వు’ పెరుగుదలకు ప్రజలు ఎలా స్పందిస్తారో వివరిస్తుంది. కథకుడు ఒక ‘విత్తనం’ విత్తుతాడు మరియు అది ‘పువ్వు’ మొలకెత్తుతుంది. కానీ ప్రజలు దినిని ‘కలుపు’ అని పిలుస్తారు.

వారు కథకుడిని అలాగే పువ్వును ‘గొడవ పడుతున్న అసంతృప్తి’తో విమర్శిస్తారు మరియు శపిస్తారు. పువ్వు పొడవైన మరియు ఆకర్షణీయంగా పెరిగినప్పుడు, అదే వ్యక్తులు కూడా ఆసక్తిగా ఉంటారు. మరియు వారు దీనిని ‘అద్యుతమైన పువ్వుగా కేటాయిచడం ప్రారంథిస్తారం.

సమయం పెరుగుతున్న కాద్దీ, క్రాత్తది విస్తతంగా స్వీకరించలడుతుంది మరియు పాతదానికి అనుగుణంగా ఉంటుంది. క్రమంగా, ఇది కొత్తదనాన్ని కోల్పోతుంది మరియు సాధారణం అవుతుంది. మరోసారి, ప్రజలు దానిపై ఆసక్తిని కోల్పోతారు మరియు దానిని పనికిరానిదిగా వదిలివేస్తారు. చివరగా అదే గ్యక్తులు పువ్వును ‘కలుపు’ అని పిలుస్తారు. పద్యం మాట్లాడేవారు స్పష్టమైన మరీయు సంక్లష్టమైన అర్ధం అని చెప్పారు. అతను చెప్తన్నాడు:

నా చిన్న కథను చదవండి.
పరిగెత్తేవాడు చదవవచ్చు.

కానీ పద్యం దాని అర్ధంలో స్పష్టంగా లేదు మరియు సంక్లిష్టమైనది. ఇది బహుళ వివరణలను విసురుతుంది. పద్యంలోని పువ్వు వివిధ మార్గాల్లో వివరించబడింది: పార(శామిక విప్లవం, క్రస్తవ మతం లేదా టెన్నిసన్ సొంత కవిత్వం. టెన్నిసన్ రోజుల్లో, ఇది పారిశ్రామిక విఫ్లవానికి నాంది.

ఏదేమైనా, టెన్నిసన్ ఈ కవితను “సార్వత్రిక క్షమాపణ మరియు నీతికథ” గా చదవమని సూచించారు. ప్రతి ఒక్కరూ విషయాలను భిన్నంగా చూసేటప్పుడు కథకుడు ప్రతిటింబిస్తాడు, వారు వారి విషయాలపై వారి అభిప్రాయాలపై నిర్ధారణకు వెళ్లడం మానుకోవాలి.

టెన్నినన్ కవిత్వం ప్రాస మరియు లయతో నిండి ఉంది. “ది ఫ్లవర్” అనే పద్యం అతని కవితా మేధావిని దాని వ్యతిరేకత కోసం ఉపయోగిస్తుంది: కాంతి మరియు రాత్రి, చూస్తుంది మరియు కలుపు, తారాగణం మరియు దొంగిలించణడింది. విత్తనం వేసిన తరువాత (విత్తుతారు), అది కొంతమంది దొంగలచే దొంగిలించబడుతుంది. ఇక్కడ ‘తారాగణం’ మరియు ‘దొంగిలించడం’ అనే రెండు పదాలు అర్థంలో వ్యతిరేకం. ‘విత్తనం’, ‘కలుపు’ అనే పదాలు ఒకదానికొకది వ్యతిరేకం. అదే విధంగా, పువ్వు ‘కాంతిని’ సూచిస్తుంది కాని చీకదీలో ఉన్న ప్రజలు ‘రాత్రి’ లో ఉన్నారు.

టెన్నిసన్ తన కవితను ‘ది ఫ్లవర్’ మై లిదిల్ ఫేబుల్ ‘అని పిలుస్తాడు. దీనిని “సార్వతిక క్షమాపణ మరియు నీతికథ” గా చదవాలి. శబ్దవ్యత్పత్తి ప్రకారం, ‘కల్పిత’ అనే పదానికి ‘ఒక కథ, నీతికథ లేదా నైతిక కథను .చెప్పే ఉపమానం’ అని అర్ధం. ఇక్కడ పద్యం కొన్ని చిన్న నైతిక కథను కూడా చెబుతుంది. ఈ పువ్వు ప్రజల అభిప్రాయాలతో సంబంధం లేకుండా పొడవైన మరియు ఆకర్షణీయంగా పెరుగుతుంది.

ప్రారంధంలో, ప్రజలు పువ్వును ‘కలుపు’ అని పిలుస్తారు. తరువాత వారు దీనిని ‘అద్భుతమైన పువ్వు’గా చూస్తారు. చివరికి, అదే వ్యక్తలు మళ్ళీ పవ్వును ‘ఒక కలుప’ అని పలుస్తారు. ప్రజలు తమ అభిప్రాయాలను ఎప్పదికప్పుడు మార్చుకుంటారు. ఇతరుల అభిప్రాయాలతో సంబంధం లేకుండా మన నమ్మకాలపై మనకు బలమైన నమ్మకం ఉండాలి. అందువల్ల ఆత్ఫైడ్ టెన్నిసన్ ప్రశంసలు మరియు విమర్శల పట్ల ఉదాసీనంగా ఉండాలని కోరారు. ఇది కథ యొక్క అస్థిరమైన నైతికత.

‘ది ఫ్లవర్’ అనే పద్యం మానవుల స్వభావంపై వంకర వ్యాఖ్య. (క్రాత్త లేదా అసలు ఆలోచనలు లేదా విషయాల గురించి ప్రజలకు ఖచ్చితంగా తెలియదు మరియు భయపడుతుంది. కాబట్టి వారు తెలియనివారిని పనికిరాని మరియు హానికరమైనదిగా తిరస్కరించారు. తెలిసిన విషయాలతో ప్రజలు సంతోషంగా ఉన్నారు.

Flower – Tennyson

Once in a golden hour
I cast to earth a seed.
Up there came a flower,
The people said, a weed.
To and fro they went
Thro’ my garden-bower,
And muttering discontent .
Cursed me and my flower.
Then it grew so tall
It wore a crown of light,
But thieves from oer the wafl
Stole the seed by night.
Sow’d it far and wide
By every town and tower,
Till all the people cried
‘Splendid is the flower.’
Read my little fable:
He that runs may read.
Most can raise the flowers now,
For all have got the seed.
And some are pretty enough,
And some are poor indeed;
And now again the people
Call it but a weed.

Glossary:

OU Degree 4th Sem English Study Material